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IELTS COURSES --> IELTS Lesson --> Academic reading

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IELTS Lesson - Multiple Choice Questions

Objectives:

· To practice IELTS multiple choice questions

· To practice scanning techniques

· To practice skimming techniques

· To look at the use of synonyms in IELTS reading questions

Strategies to answer the questions

1. Look through the questions first

2. Underline key words from the question

3. Then scan the text for those key words that you have underlined

4. The answer should be found close to that word

5. The answers will be found in the text in the same order as the questions

Things to beware of

There will be synonyms used in the reading - the words in the IELTS multiple choice questions may not be the same as in the text

Identifying the question type

Before you start any reading passage, you should firstly take a look at the question stems to get an idea of what you may need to look out for.

So now look at the IELTS reading multiple choice questions below this reading.

If you look at the question stems, you will see that names are often mentioned e.g. James Alan Fox, John J. DiIulio, Michael Tonry. So this immediately tells you it is a good idea to underline 'names' as you read the text.

You will then be able to quickly scan the text later to find where the answers are.

Looking at the question stems first also gives you an idea of what the reading is about.

Underline / highlight key words

As you read the text, you should get into the habit of highlighting words that you think may be important and will help you find answers later.

These are often nouns like names, dates, numbers or any other key words that stand out as a key topic of that paragraph.

Looking at the IELTS reading multiple choice questions quickly first may help with this.

IELTS Reading Multiple Choice Questions

This type of question follows the order of the text. So when you have found one answer, you know that the next one will be below, and probably not too far away.

When you start looking at the questions, you should underline key words in the question stem to help you find the answers in the text.

Look at the IELTS reading multiple choice questions again - as you will see, key words have been highlighted. You can use these to help you scan the text to find the answers more quickly.

Reading in detail

When you read the text for the first time, you should focus on the topic sentences, and skim the rest of the paragraph.

But once you start answering the IELTS reading multiple choice questions and you have found where the answer is, you will need to read the text carefully in order to identify the correct choice.

Tip: Do not think that just because you have found some words in the multiple choices (a, b or c) that match the words in the text that this must be the right answer. It's usually not that simple so you must read the section where you think the answer is carefully.

One Paragraph Practice Exercise

Before looking at a longer reading, we'll have a practice with two paragraphs. It is the first part of the full reading you will do.

Identify the key word in the question first of all. Then scan the text to find it. When you have done this, read the sentences around this key word and see what information best matches the three choices you have.

Top of Form

1. What is dry farming?

(A) Preserving nitrates and moisture.

(B) Ploughing the land again and again.

Australian Agricultural Innovations:
1850 – 1900

During this period, there was a wide spread expansion of agriculture in Australia. The selection system was begun, whereby small sections of land were parceled out by lot. Particularly in New South Wales, this led to conflicts between small holders and the emerging squatter class, whose abuse of the system often allowed them to take vast tracts of fertile land.

There were also many positive advances in farming technology as the farmers adapted agricultural methods to the harsh Australian conditions. One of the most important was “dry farming”. This was the discovery that repeated ploughing of fallow, unproductive land could preserve nitrates and moisture, allowing the land to eventually be cultivated. This, along with the extension of the railways allowed the development of what are now great inland wheat lands.

To answer this question you should have highlighted the word dry farming. You should then have been able to scan the two paragraphs to quickly find this word. Reading the information around it more carefully would the give you the answer: Cultivating means to improve and prepare (land) by ploughing or fertilizing, for raising crops.

So the answer was "the ploughing of fallow land...to eventually be cultivated."

Cosmic Black Holes

In 1687, the English scientist Isaac Newton published his monumental work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of NaturalPhilosophy), containing his theory of gravitation and the mathematics to support it. In essence, Newton’s law of gravitation stated that the gravitational force between two objects, for example, two astronomical bodies, is directly proportional to their masses. Astronomers found that it accurately predicted all the observable data that science at that time was able to collect, with one exception— a very slight variation in the orbit of the planet Mercury around the sun.

It was 228 years before anyone was able to offer a refinement of Newton’s law that accounted for the shape of Mercury’s orbit. In 1915, Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity was published. Using the equations of general relativity, he calculated the shape of Mercury’s orbit. The results predicted astronomical observations exactly and provided the first proof of his theory. Expressing it very simplistically, the general theory of relativity presumes that both matter and energy can distort space—time and cause it to curve. What we commonly call gravity is in fact the effect of that curvature.

Among other phenomena, Einstein’s theory predicted the existence of black holes, although initially he had doubts about their existence. Black holes are areasin space where the gravitational field is so strong that nothing can escape them. Because of the immense gravitational pull, they consume all the light that comes near them, and thus they are “black.” In fact, neither emitting nor reflecting light, they are invisible. Due to this, they can be studied only by inference based on observations of their effect on the matter—both stars and gases1—around them and by computer simulation. In particular, when gases are being pulled into a black hole, they can reach temperatures up to 1,000 times the heat of the sun and become an intensely glowing source of X rays.

Surrounding each black hole is an “event horizon,” which defines the area over which the gravitational force of the black hole operates. Anything passing over the lip of the event horizon is pulled into the black hole. Because observations of event horizons are difficult due to their relatively small size, even less is known about them than about black holes themselves.

Black holes exist in three sizes. Compact ones, called star-mass black holes and which have been known to exist for some time, are believed to be the result of the death of a single star. When a star has consumed itself to the point that it no longer has the energy to support its mass, the core collapses and forms a black hole. Shock waves then bounce out, causing the shell of the star to explode. In a way that is not yet understood, the black hole may then reenergize2 and create multiple explosions within the first few minutes of its existence. So-called super- massive black holes, also well documented, contain the mass of millions or even billions of stars. And just recently one intermediate black hole, with about 500 times the mass of the sun, has been discovered. Scientists have postulated that the intermediate black hole may provide a “missing link” in understanding the evolution of black holes.

Current scientific data suggest that black holes are fairly common and lie at the center of most galaxies. Based on indirect evidence gained using X-ray telescopes, thousands of black holes have been located in our galaxy and beyond. The black hole at the center of the Milky Way, known as Sagittarius A* (pronounced “A-star”), is a supermassive one, containing roughly four million times the mass of our sun. Astronomers suggest that orbiting around Sagittarius A*, 26,000 light years from Earth, may be as many as tens of thousands of smaller black holes. One possible theory to explain this is that a process called “dynamical friction” is causing stellar black holes to sink toward the center of the galaxy.

It is thought that the first black holes came into existence not long after the big bang. Newly created clouds of gases slowly coalesced into the first stars. As these early stars collapsed, they gave rise to the first black holes. A number of theories proposed that the first black holes were essentially “seeds,” which then gravitationally attracted and consumed enormous quantities of matter found in adjacent gas clouds and dust. This allowed them to grow into the super-massive black holes that now sit in the centers of galaxies. However, a new computersimulation proposes that such growth was minimal. When the simulated star collapsed and formed a black hole, there was very little matter anywhere near the black hole’s event horizon. Being in essence “starved,” it grew by less than 1 percent over the course of its first hundred million years. The new simulations do not definitively invalidate the seed theory, but they make it far less likely. On the other hand, it is known that black holes a billion times more massive than our sun did exist in the early universe. Researchers have yet to discover how these super-massive black holes were formed in such a short time, and the origin of these giants poses one of the most fundamental questions in astrophysics.

It has become practically a hallmark of the research on black holes that with each new study, more is known, more theories are generated, and yet more questions are raised than answered.

Choose the correct answer.

1. Black holes can be found ................

in most galaxies

only in the Milky Way

close to the sun

Explain:

2. Sagittarius A is ................

A black hole located 26,000 light years from Earth

A well-known compact black hole

One of thousands of black holes orbiting Earth

Explain:

Total: 21 page(s)

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