|
Reading Section
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING Carbon dioxide and other naturally occurring gases in the earth’s atmosphere create a natural greenhouse effect by trapping and absorbing solar radiation. These gases act as a blanket and keep the planet warm enough for life to survive and flourish. The warming of the earth is balanced by some of the heat escaping from the atmosphere back into space. Without this compensating flow of heat out of the system, the temperature of the earth’s surface and its atmosphere would rise steadily. Scientists are increasingly concerned about a human-driven greenhouse effect resulting from a rise in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases. The man-made greenhouse effect is the exhalation of industrial civilization. A major contributing factor is the burning of large amounts of fossil fuels—coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another is the destruction of the world’s forests, which reduces the amount of carbon dioxide converted to oxygen by plants. Emissions of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons. nitrous oxide, and methane from human activities will enhance the greenhouse effect, causing the earth’s surface to become warmer. The main greenhouse gas, water vapor, will increase in response to global warming and further enhance it. There is agreement within the scientific community that the buildup of greenhouse gases is already causing the earth’s average surface temperature to rise. This is changing global climate at an unusually fast rate. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the earth’s average temperature climbed about 1 degree F in the past century, and nine of the ten warmest years on record have occurred since 1990. A United Nations panel has predicted that average global temperatures could rise as much as 10.5 degrees F during the next century as heat-trapping gases from human industry accumulate in the atmosphere. What are the potential impacts of an enhanced greenhouse effect? According to estimates by an international committee, North American climatic zones could shift northward by as much as 550 kilometers (340 miles). Such a change in climate would likely affect all sectors of society. In some areas, heat and moisture stress would cut crop yields, and traditional farming practices would have to change. For example, in the North American grain belt, higher temperatures and more frequent drought during the growing season might require farmers to switch from corn to wheat and to use more water for irrigation. Global warming may also cause a rise in sea level by melting polar ice caps. A rise in sea level would accelerate coastal erosion and inundate islands and low-lying coastal plains, some of which are densely populated. Millions of acres of coastal farmlands would be covered by water. Furthermore, the warming of seawater will cause the water to expand, thus adding to the potential danger. Global warming has already left its fingerprint on the natural world. Two research teams recently reviewed hundreds of published papers that tracked changes in the range and behavior of plant and animal species, and they found ample evidence of plants blooming and birds nesting earlier in the spring. Both teams concluded that rising global temperatures are shifting the ranges of hundreds of species—thus climatic zones—northward. These studies are hard evidence that the natural world is already responding dramatically to climate change, even though the change has just begun. If global warming trends continue, changes in the environment will have an enormous impact on world biology. Birds especially play a critical role in the environment by pollinating plants, dispersing seeds, and controlling insect populations; thus, changes in their populations will reverberate throughout the ecosystems they inhabit.
| 1. According to the passage, how do carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases affect the earth-atmosphere system? |
1
| |
A. |
They decrease the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. |
| |
B. |
They cause heat to flow from the atmosphere into space. |
| |
C. |
They collect solar radiation that warms the earth's surface. |
| |
D. |
They create the conditions for new forms of life to emerge. |
|
Explain: |
| 2. All of the following are contributing factors to global warming EXCEPT ................ |
2
| |
A. |
the buildup of water vapor in the atmosphere |
| |
B. |
the loss of forest lands |
| |
C. |
the burning of coal and petroleum |
| |
D. |
the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen |
|
Explain: |
| 3. The word “enhance” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ................ |
3
|
|
Explain: |
| 4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about global climate change? |
4
| |
A. |
Climate change is likely to continue as long as heat-trapping gases accumulate. |
| |
B. |
It is difficult to predict the effects of climate change over the next century. |
| |
C. |
Climate change will have both positive and negative effects on human society. |
| |
D. |
International organizations have been studying climate change only since 1990. |
|
Explain: |
| 5. According to paragraph 4, what is one effect that climate change could have on agriculture in North America? |
5
| |
A. |
Movement of farms to the northernmost regions |
| |
B. |
Changes in the crops that farmers can grow |
| |
C. |
Return to more traditional methods of farming |
| |
D. |
Less water available for irrigating crops |
|
Explain: |
| 6. The word “inundate” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ................ |
6
|
|
Explain: |
| 7. Why does the author use the word “fingerprint” in paragraph 6? |
7
| |
A. |
To introduce conclusive evidence of global warming |
| |
B. |
To show that hundreds of fingerprints were examined |
| |
C. |
To suggest that people do not cause global warming |
| |
D. |
To describe a method used by two research teams |
|
Explain: |
| 8. The word “they” in paragraph 6 refers to ................ |
8
|
|
Explain: |
| 9. The word “hard” in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to ................ |
9
|
|
Explain: |
| 10. What evidence does the author give that climatic zones have shifted northward? |
10
| |
A. |
The water in the ocean expands as it gets warmer. |
| |
B. |
Plants bloom and birds build nests earlier in the spring. |
| |
C. |
Solar radiation escapes from the atmosphere back into space. |
| |
D. |
Birds no longer pollinate plants or control insect populations. |
|
Explain: |
| 11. Look at the four numbers (1), (2), (3) and (4) which indicate where the sentence “The combination of melting ice caps with the expansion of water could raise the sea level several centimeters by the year 2100.” could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? |
11
|
|
Explain: |
| 12. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is: “Scientists are concerned about the greenhouse effect and its role in global warming.” Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. |
12
| |
A. |
A rising sea level and shifts in climatic zones are probable effects of global warming. |
| |
B. |
Nine of the ten warmest years on record have occurred since 1990. |
| |
C. |
Global warming could result in job loss for millions of farmers in coastal areas. |
| |
D. |
A rise in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is causing the earth's surface to become warmer. |
| |
E. |
Global warming will alter the range and behavior of plants and animals, changing the balance of ecosystems. |
| |
F. |
Some scientists think the temperature trend indicates man-made global warming, while others believe it is natural climate variability. |
|
Explain: |
KETCHUP The sauce that is today called ketchup (or catsup) in Western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct from the Eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as the seventeenth century, but the Chinese version of the sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia, where it was called kechap. The Indonesian sauce ketjab derives its name from the same source as the Malaysian sauce but is made from very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking black soy beans, fermenting them, placing them in a salt brine for at least a week, cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this process results in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce. Early in the eighteenth century, sailors from the British navy came across this exotic sauce on voyages to Malaysia and Singapore and brought samples of it back to England on return voyages. English chefs tried to recreate the sauce but were unable to do so exactly because key ingredients were unknown or unavailable in England; chefs ended up substituting ingredients such as mushrooms and walnuts in an attempt to recreate the special taste of the original Asian sauce. Variations of this sauce became quite the rage in eighteenth-century England, appearing in a number of recipe books and featured as an exotic addition to menus from the period. The English version did not contain tomatoes, and it was not until the end of the eighteenth century that tomatoes became a main ingredient, in the ketchup of trie newly created United States. It is quite notable that tomatoes were added to the sauce in that tomatoes had previously been considered quite dangerous to health. The tomato had been cultivated by the Aztecs, who had called it tomatl; however, early botanists had recognized that the tomato was a member of the Solanacaea family, which does include a number of poisonous plants. The leaves of the tomato plant are poisonous, though of course the fruit is not. (1) Thomas Jefferson, who cultivated the tomato in his gardens at Monticello and served dishes containing tomatoes at lavish feasts, often receives credit for changing the reputation of the tomato. (2) Soon after Jefferson had introduced the tomato to American society, recipes combining the newly fashionable tomato with the equally fashionable and exotic sauce known as ketchap began to appear. (3) By the middle of the nineteenth century, both the tomato and tomato ketchup were staples of the American kitchen. (4) Tomato ketchup, popular though it was, was quite time-consuming to prepare. In 1876, the first mass produced tomato ketchup, a product of German-American Henry Heinz, went on sale and achieved immediate success. From tomato ketchup, Heinz branched out into a number of other products, including various sauces, pickles, and relishes. By 1890, his company had expanded to include sixty-five different products but was in need of a marketing slogan. Heinz settled on the slogan “57 Varieties” because he liked the way that the digits 5 and 7 looked in print in spite of the fact that this slogan understated the number of products that he had at the time.
| 13. The word “ancestors” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ................ |
13
|
|
Explain: |
| 14. It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that ................ |
14
| |
A. |
the Chinese sauce was in existence in the seventeenth century |
| |
B. |
the Malaysian sauce was similar to the Chinese sauce |
| |
C. |
the Chinese sauce was made from seafood and spices |
| |
D. |
the Indonesian sauce was similar to the Chinese sauce |
|
Explain: |
| 15. The word “it” in paragraph 1 refers to ................ |
15
| |
C. |
the resulting solution |
|
Explain: |
| 16. The expression “came across” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ................ |
16
|
|
Explain: |
| 17. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that mushrooms and walnuts were ................ |
17
| |
A. |
not part of the original Asian recipe |
| |
B. |
transported to England from Asia |
| |
D. |
difficult to find in England |
|
Explain: |
| 18. The word “rage” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ................ |
18
|
|
Explain: |
| 19. The author mentions “The English version” at the beginning of paragraph 3 in order to ................ |
19
| |
A. |
indicate what will be discussed in the coming paragraph |
| |
B. |
explain why tomatoes were considered dangerous |
| |
C. |
provide an example of a sauce using tomatoes |
| |
D. |
make a reference to the topic of the previous paragraph |
|
Explain: |
| 20. According to paragraph 3, the tomato plant ................ |
20
| |
A. |
was considered poisonous by the Aztecs |
| |
B. |
is related to some poisonous plants |
| |
D. |
has fruit that is sometimes quite poisonous |
|
Explain: |
| 21. The word “staples” in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by ................ |
21
|
|
Explain: |
| 22. Look at the four numbers (1), (2), (3) and (4) which indicate where the sentence “It turned from very bad to exceedingly good.” can be added to paragraph 4. Where would the sentence best fit? |
22
|
|
Explain: |
| 23. The expression “branched out” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ................ |
23
|
|
Explain: |
| 24. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 5? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. |
24
| |
A. |
Heinz's company actually had far fewer products than the slogan indicated that it did |
| |
B. |
Heinz was unable to print out the actual number of varieties, so he printed out a different number. |
| |
C. |
Heinz was eventually able to settle a dispute about which slogan would be the best for his company. |
| |
D. |
Heinz selected a certain slogan even though it was inaccurate because he liked the look of it. |
|
Explain: |
| 25. An introductory sentence or a brief summary of the passage is: “The history of a sauce known as ketchup.” Complete the summary by selecting the FOUR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. |
25
| |
A. |
A plant called the tomatl is known to have been cultivated by the Aztecs. |
| |
B. |
A businessman achieved success with the introduction of a mass-produced tomato-based sauce. |
| |
C. |
The sauce known as ketjab was a variation of the Chinese sauce that contained tomatoes. |
| |
D. |
The American version added the exotic and newly fashionable tomato as a main ingredient. |
| |
E. |
The sauce was first developed in Asia, without tomatoes. |
| |
F. |
An English variation of the sauce, without tomatoes, became popular after sailors returned home with samples. |
|
Explain: |
THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD Slavery was legal for over 200 years in some parts of North America, particularly the southern states of the United States, where the plantation system of agriculture depended on the labor of slaves, most of whom came from Africa. Slaves had no rights or freedoms because they were thought of as property. From the time of its origin, slavery had opponents. The abolitionist movement began in the 1600s when the Quakers in Pennsylvania objected to slavery on moral grounds and wanted to abolish the institution. In 1793, Canada passed a law abolishing slavery and declared that any escaped slaves who came to Canada would be free citizens. Slavery was already illegal in most northern states; however, slaves captured there by slave hunters could be returned to slavery in the South. Canada refused to return runaway slaves or to allow American slave hunters into the country. It is estimated that more than 30,000 runaway slaves immigrated to Canada and settled in the Great Lakes region between 1830 and 1865. The American antislavery movement was at the height of its activity during the 1800s, when abolitionists developed the Underground Railroad, a loosely organized system whereby runaway slaves were passed from safe house to safe house as they fled northwards to free states or Canada. The term was first used in the 1830s and came from an Ohio clergyman who said, “They who took passage on it disappeared from public view as if they had really gone to ground." Because the Underground Railroad was so secret, few records exist that would reveal the true number of people who traveled it to freedom. The most active routes on the railroad were in Ohio, Indiana, and western Pennsylvania. Runaway slaves usually traveled alone or in small groups. Most were young men between the ages of 16 and 35. (1) The fugitives hid in wagons under loads of hay or potatoes, or in furniture and boxes in steamers and on rafts. (2) They traveled on foot through swamps and woods, moving only a few miles each night, using the North Star as a compass. Sometimes they moved in broad daylight. (3) Boys disguised themselves as girls, and girls dressed as boys. In one well-known incident, twenty-eight slaves escaped by walking in a funeral procession from Kentucky to Ohio. (4) The “railroad” developed its own language. The “trains” were the large farm wagons that could conceal and carry a number of people. The “tracks” were the backcountry roads that were used to elude the slave hunters. The “stations” were the homes and hiding places where the slaves were fed and cared for as they moved north. The “agents” were the people who planned the escape routes. The “conductors” were the fearless men and women who led the slaves toward freedom. The “passengers” were the slaves who dared to run away and break for liberty. Passengers paid no fare and conductors received no pay. The most daring conductor was Harriet Tubman, a former slave who dedicated her life to helping other runaways. Tubman made 19 trips into the South to guide 300 relatives, friends, and strangers to freedom. She was wanted dead or alive in the South, but she was never captured and never lost a passenger. A determined worker, she carried a gun for protection and a supply of drugs to quiet the crying babies in her rescue parties. A number of white people joined the effort, including Indiana banker Levi Coffin and his wife Catherine, who hid runaways in their home, a “station” conveniently located on three main escape routes to Canada. People could be hidden there for several weeks, recovering their strength and waiting until it was safe to continue on their journey. Levi Coffin was called the “president of the Underground Railroad” because he helped as many as 3,000 slaves to escape. The people who worked on the railroad were breaking the law. Although the escape network was never as successful or as well organized as Southerners thought, the few thousand slaves who made their way to freedom in this way each year had a symbolic significance out of proportion to their actual numbers. The Underground Railroad continued operating until slavery in the United States was finally abolished in 1865.
| 26. The word “abolish” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to |
26
|
|
Explain: |
| 27. Why did thousands of runaway slaves immigrate to Canada? |
27
| |
A. |
They preferred the climate of the Great Lakes region. |
| |
B. |
Canada had no laws restricting immigration. |
| |
C. |
Working conditions for slaves were better in Canada. |
| |
D. |
Former slaves could live as free citizens in Canada. |
|
Explain: |
| 28. The phrase “The term” in paragraph 3 refers to |
28
|
|
Explain: |
| 29. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. |
29
| |
A. |
The Underground Railroad kept secret records in which all of the passengers and trips were documented. |
| |
B. |
The Underground Railroad's records were not accurate, so the true number of travelers is difficult to estimate. |
| |
C. |
We do not know exactly how many slaves escaped on the Underground Railroad because it was a secret organization. |
| |
D. |
Few people understood why the Underground Railroad would not reveal how many people chose to travel in this way. |
|
Explain: |
| 30. The word “fugitives” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to |
30
|
|
Explain: |
| 31. All of the following arc mentioned as methods of escape on the Underground Railroad EXCEPT |
31
| |
B. |
walking in a procession |
|
Explain: |
| 32. The author discusses the language of the Underground Railroad in paragraph 5 in order to |
32
| |
A. |
compare the Underground Railroad to other railways. |
| |
B. |
point out that some words have more than one meaning |
| |
C. |
illustrate the secret nature of the escape network |
| |
D. |
trace the history of American English words |
|
Explain: |
| 33. The word “elude” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to |
33
|
|
Explain: |
| 34. Which of the following statements is true about passengers on the Underground Railroad? |
34
| |
A. |
They were not allowed to make stops during the journey. |
| |
B. |
Their destination was in the northern states or Canada. |
| |
C. |
Their babies were disguised to look like baggage. |
| |
D. |
They paid the conductors at the end of the journey. |
|
Explain: |
| 35. Why was Harriet Tubman wanted dead or alive in the South? |
35
| |
A. |
She became the president of the Underground Railroad. |
| |
B. |
She was an escaped slave who led others to freedom. |
| |
C. |
She refused to return the runaway slaves that she captured |
| |
D. |
She was a criminal who carried a gun and sold drugs. |
|
Explain: |
| 36. It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that the author most likely believes which of the following about the Underground Railroad? |
36
| |
A. |
The railroad represented a psychological victory for abolitionists. |
| |
B. |
Southerners did not know about the railroad until after it closed. |
| |
C. |
The people who worked on the railroad should have been arrested. |
| |
D. |
The railroad was unsuccessful because it could not help every slave. |
|
Explain: |
| 37. Look at the four numbers (1), (2), (3) and (4) which indicate where the sentence “Women and children also escaped, but they were more easily captured.” could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? |
37
|
|
Explain: |
| 38. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is: “Underground Railroad was a secret network that helped thousands of people escape slavery.” Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. |
38
| |
A. |
Most slaves were captured in West Africa and transported to North America on slave ships. |
| |
B. |
“Conductors” and “agents” led “passengers" north to free states and Canada. |
| |
C. |
The president of the Underground Railroad 1 was an Indiana banker named Levi Coffin. |
| |
D. |
The railroad was a loosely organized system that provided guides, hiding places, and food to runaway slaves. |
| |
E. |
Slaves that were captured in the North could be returned to slavery in the South. |
| |
F. |
The railroad was part of the American abolitionist movement that opposed slavery for moral reasons. |
|
Explain: |
SCHIZOPHRENIA Schizophrenia is in reality a cluster of psychological disorders in which a variety of behaviors are exhibited and which are classified in various ways. Though there are numerous behaviors that might be considered schizophrenic, common behaviors that manifest themselves in severe schizophrenic disturbances are thought disorders, delusions, and emotional disorders. Because schizophrenia is not a single disease but is in reality a cluster of related disorders, schizophrenics tend to be classified into various subcategories. The various subcategories of schizophrenia are based on the degree to which the various common behaviors are manifested in the patient as well as other factors such as the age of the schizophrenic patient at the onset of symptoms and the duration of the symptoms. Five of the more common subcategories of schizophrenia are simple, hebephrenic, paranoid, catatonic, and acute. (1) The main characteristic of simple schizophrenia is that it begins at a relatively early age and manifests itself in a slow withdrawal from family and social relationships with a gradual progression toward more severe symptoms over a period of years. (2) Someone suffering from simple schizophrenia may early on simply be apathetic toward life, may maintain contact with reality a great deal of the time, and may be out in the world rather than hospitalized. (3) Over time, however, the symptoms, particularly thought and emotional disorders, increase in severity. (4) Hebephrenic schizophrenia is a relatively severe form of the disease that is characterized by severely disturbed thought processes as well as highly emotional and bizarre behavior. Those suffering from hebephrenic schizophrenia have hallucinations and delusions and appear quite incoherent; their behavior is often extreme and quite inappropriate to the situation, perhaps full of unwarranted laughter, or tears, or obscenities that seem unrelated to the moment. This type of schizophrenia represents a rather severe and ongoing disintegration of personality that makes this type of schizophrenic unable to play a role in society. Paranoid schizophrenia is a different type of schizophrenia in which the outward behavior of the schizophrenic often seems quite appropriate; this type of schizophrenic is often able to get along in society for long periods of time. However, a paranoid schizophrenic suffers from extreme delusions of persecution, often accompanied by delusions of grandeur. While this type of schizophrenic has strange delusions and unusual thought processes, his or her outward behavior is not as incoherent or unusual as a hebephrenic’s behavior. A paranoid schizophrenic can appear alert and intelligent much of the time but can also turn suddenly hostile and violent in response to imagined threats. Another type of schizophrenia is the catatonic variety, which is characterized by alternating periods of extreme excitement and stupor. There are abrupt changes in behavior, from frenzied periods of excitement to stuporous periods of withdrawn behavior. During periods of excitement, the catatonic schizophrenic may exhibit excessive and sometimes violent behavior; during the periods of stupor, the catatonic schizophrenic may remain mute and unresponsive to the environment. A final type of schizophrenia is acute schizophrenia, which is characterized by a sudden onset of schizophrenic symptoms such as confusion, excitement, emotionality, depression, and irrational fear. The acute schizophrenic, unlike the simple schizophrenic, shows a sudden onset of the disease rather than a slow progression from one stage of it to the other. Additionally, the acute schizophrenic exhibits various types of schizophrenic behaviors during different episodes, sometimes exhibiting the characteristics of hebephrenic, catatonic, or even paranoid schizophrenia. In this type of schizophrenia, the patient’s personality seems to have completely disintegrated.
| 39. The passage states that schizophrenia ................ |
39
| |
A. |
is a group of various psychological disorders |
| |
B. |
always develops early in life |
| |
C. |
is a single psychological disorder |
| |
D. |
always involves delusions |
|
Explain: |
| 40. The phrase “manifested” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ................ |
40
|
|
Explain: |
| 41. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. |
41
| |
A. |
Simple schizophrenia generally starts at an early age and slowly worsens. |
| |
B. |
All types of schizophrenics withdraw from their families as their disease progresses. |
| |
C. |
It is common for simple schizophrenia to start at an early age and remain less severe than other types of schizophrenia. |
| |
D. |
Those suffering from simple schizophrenia tend to move more and more slowly over the years. |
|
Explain: |
| 42. The word “apathetic” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ................ |
42
|
|
Explain: |
| 43. Look at the four numbers (1), (2), (3) and (4) which indicate where the sentence “At this point, hospitalization will most likely be deemed necessary.” can be added to paragraph 3. Where would the sentence best fit? |
43
|
|
Explain: |
| 44. The word “unwarranted” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ................ |
44
|
|
Explain: |
| 45. The phrase “get along” in paragraph 5 could best be replaced by ................ |
45
|
|
Explain: |
| 46. The author uses the word “While” in paragraph 5 in order to show that paranoid schizophrenics ................ |
46
| |
A. |
exhibit strange behaviors as they think unusual thoughts |
| |
B. |
can think clearly in spite of their strange behavior |
| |
C. |
think in a way that is materially different from the way that they act |
| |
D. |
have strange delusions at the same time that they have unusual thought patterns |
|
Explain: |
| 47. It is implied in paragraph 5 that a paranoid schizophrenic would be most likely to ................ |
47
| |
B. |
withdraw into a stuporous state |
| |
C. |
believe that he is a great leader |
| |
D. |
break into unexplained laughter |
|
Explain: |
| 48. The word “mute” in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to ................ |
48
|
|
Explain: |
| 49. The word “it” in paragraph 7 refers to ................ |
49
|
|
Explain: |
| 50. It is NOT indicated in the passage that which of the following suffers from delusions? |
50
| |
A. |
A catatonic schizophrenic |
| |
B. |
A paranoid schizophrenic |
| |
C. |
An acute schizophrenic |
| |
D. |
A hebephrenic schizophrenic |
|
Explain: |
| 51. Choose ONE phrase that describes the simple schizophrenia |
51
| |
A. |
Is a less serious form of the disease that develops later in life and involves complete disintegration of personality |
| |
B. |
Involves drastic changes from extremely quiet and withdrawn behavior to wild and uncontrolled behavior |
| |
C. |
Involves irrational and irregular behavior on an ongoing basis that makes it impossible to take part in regular social interactions |
| |
D. |
Appears suddenly and includes a variety of behaviors from various other types of schizophrenia |
| |
E. |
Involves violent behavior during phases of extreme stupor |
| |
F. |
Sometimes involves behavior that is quite normal, and even exceptional, and at other times involves delusions that cause negative behavior |
| |
G. |
Starts at a young age and progresses slowly, moving from withdrawal from society to serious emotional problems |
|
Explain: |
| 52. Choose ONE phrase that describes the hebephrenic schizophrenia |
52
| |
A. |
Sometimes involves behavior that is quite normal, and even exceptional, and at other times involves delusions that cause negative behavior |
| |
B. |
Starts at a young age and progresses slowly, moving from withdrawal from society to serious emotional problems |
| |
C. |
Appears suddenly and includes a variety of behaviors from various other types of schizophrenia |
| |
D. |
Is a less serious form of the disease that develops later in life and involves complete disintegration of personality |
| |
E. |
Involves violent behavior during phases of extreme stupor |
| |
F. |
Involves drastic changes from extremely quiet and withdrawn behavior to wild and uncontrolled behavior |
| |
G. |
Involves irrational and irregular behavior on an ongoing basis that makes it impossible to take part in regular social interactions |
|
Explain: |
| 53. Choose ONE phrase that describes the paranoid schizophrenia |
53
| |
A. |
Starts at a young age and progresses slowly, moving from withdrawal from society to serious emotional problems |
| |
B. |
Involves irrational and irregular behavior on an ongoing basis that makes it impossible to take part in regular social interactions |
| |
C. |
Involves drastic changes from extremely quiet and withdrawn behavior to wild and uncontrolled behavior |
| |
D. |
Appears suddenly and includes a variety of behaviors from various other types of schizophrenia |
| |
E. |
Involves violent behavior during phases of extreme stupor |
| |
F. |
Sometimes involves behavior that is quite normal, and even exceptional, and at other times involves delusions that cause negative behavior |
| |
G. |
Is a less serious form of the disease that develops later in life and involves complete disintegration of personality |
|
Explain: |
| 54. Choose ONE phrase that describes the catatonic schizophrenia |
54
| |
A. |
Involves drastic changes from extremely quiet and withdrawn behavior to wild and uncontrolled behavior |
| |
B. |
Involves irrational and irregular behavior on an ongoing basis that makes it impossible to take part in regular social interactions |
| |
C. |
Starts at a young age and progresses slowly, moving from withdrawal from society to serious emotional problems |
| |
D. |
Sometimes involves behavior that is quite normal, and even exceptional, and at other times involves delusions that cause negative behavior |
| |
E. |
Appears suddenly and includes a variety of behaviors from various other types of schizophrenia |
| |
F. |
Involves violent behavior during phases of extreme stupor |
| |
G. |
Is a less serious form of the disease that develops later in life and involves complete disintegration of personality |
|
Explain: |
| 55. Choose ONE phrase that describes the acute schizophrenia |
55
| |
A. |
Involves drastic changes from extremely quiet and withdrawn behavior to wild and uncontrolled behavior |
| |
B. |
Starts at a young age and progresses slowly, moving from withdrawal from society to serious emotional problems |
| |
C. |
Involves violent behavior during phases of extreme stupor |
| |
D. |
Involves irrational and irregular behavior on an ongoing basis that makes it impossible to take part in regular social interactions |
| |
E. |
Appears suddenly and includes a variety of behaviors from various other types of schizophrenia |
| |
F. |
Is a less serious form of the disease that develops later in life and involves complete disintegration of personality |
| |
G. |
Sometimes involves behavior that is quite normal, and even exceptional, and at other times involves delusions that cause negative behavior |
|
Explain: |
THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATION Cold storage, or refrigeration, is keeping food at temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth of microorganisms—bacteria, molds, and yeast— that cause food to spoil. Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Before artificial refrigeration was invented, people stored perishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time. Preserving food by keeping it in an ice-filled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Cold storage areas were built in basements, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed with ice. The ice was transported from mountains, or harvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and businesses. Artificial refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance, container, or enclosed area, to lower its temperature. The heat is moved from the inside of the container to the outside. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compressed, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder because the molecules of vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind have less energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air inside the refrigerator is chilled. Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. (1) William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in 1748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. (2) In 1842, physician John Gorrie used Evans’s design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow-fever patients in a Florida hospital. (3) Gorrie later left his medical practice and experimented with ice making, and in 1851 he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. (4) In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries. Brewing was the first industry in the United States to use mechanical refrigeration extensively, and in the 1870s, commercial refrigeration was primarily directed at breweries. German-born Adolphus Busch was the first to use artificial refrigeration at his brewery in St. Louis. Before refrigeration, brewers stored their beer in caves, and production was constrained by the amount of available cave space. Brewing was strictly a local business, since beer was highly perishable and shipping it any distance would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storage problem with the commercial vapor-compression refrigerator. He solved he shipping problem with the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which was insulated with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity. In solving Busch’s spoilage and storage problems, refrigeration also revolutionized an entire industry. By 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with mechanical refrigerating machines. The refrigerators of today rely on the same basic principle of cooling caused by the rapid evaporation and expansion of gases. Until 1929, refrigerators used toxic gases— ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide—as refrigerants. After those gases accidentally killed several people, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became the standard refrigerant. However, they were found to be harmful to the earth’s ozone layer, so refrigerators now use a refrigerant called HFC 134a, which is less harmful to the ozone.
| 56. What is the main reason that people developed methods of refrigeration? |
56
| |
A. |
They needed to slow the natural processes that cause food to spoil. |
| |
B. |
They wanted to expand the production of certain industries. |
| |
C. |
They needed a use for the ice that formed on lakes and rivers. |
| |
D. |
They wanted to improve the flavor and nutritional value of food. |
|
Explain: |
| 57. The word “perishable” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ................ |
57
|
|
Explain: |
| 58. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about cold storage before the invention of artificial refrigeration? |
58
| |
A. |
It required a container made of metal or wood. |
| |
B. |
It kept food cold for only about a week. |
| |
C. |
It was not a safe method of preserving meat. |
| |
D. |
It was dependent on a source of ice or snow. |
|
Explain: |
| 59. Artificial refrigeration involves all of the following processes EXCEPT ................ |
59
| |
A. |
the rapid expansion of certain gases |
| |
B. |
the transfer of heat from one place to another |
| |
C. |
the pumping of water vapor through a pipe |
| |
D. |
the evaporation of a volatile liquid |
|
Explain: |
| 60. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. |
60
| |
A. |
When kinetic energy is changed to heat energy, liquid molecules turn into vapor molecules. |
| |
B. |
During evaporation, the vapor molecules use energy, and the liquid becomes colder. |
| |
C. |
It takes a lot of energy to transform a liquid into a vapor, especially when the vapor loses heat. |
| |
D. |
Some gases expand rapidly and give off energy when they encounter a very cold liquid. |
|
Explain: |
| 61. According to the passage, who was the first person to use artificial refrigeration for a practical purpose? |
61
|
|
Explain: |
| 62. The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to ................ |
62
|
|
Explain: |
| 63. Why does the author discuss the brewing industry in paragraph 4? |
63
| |
A. |
To describe the unique problems that brewers faced |
| |
B. |
To show how refrigeration changed a whole industry |
| |
C. |
To praise the accomplishments of a prominent brewer |
| |
D. |
To compare cave storage with mechanical refrigeration |
|
Explain: |
| 64. The word “constrained” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ................ |
64
|
|
Explain: |
| 65. According to the passage, the first refrigerated railcar used what material as a cooling agent? |
65
|
|
Explain: |
| 66. The word “toxic” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ................ |
66
|
|
Explain: |
| 67. Look at the four numbers (1), (2), (3) and (4) which indicate where the sentence “Gorrie′s basic principle of compressing a gas, and then sending it through radiating coils to cool it, is the one most often used in refrigerators today.” could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? |
67
|
|
Explain: |
| 68. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is: “Methods of refrigeration have changed throughout history.” Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. |
68
| |
A. |
People used to preserve food by packing it with ice or snow in cold storage areas. |
| |
B. |
CFCs have not been used as refrigerants since they were found to damage the earth's ozone layer. |
| |
C. |
William Cullen developed a method of artificial refrigeration in 1748. |
| |
D. |
A refrigerator has an evaporator that makes the inside of the refrigerator cold. |
| |
E. |
Practical uses of vapor-compression refrigeration were introduced in the nineteenth century. |
| |
F. |
Artificial refrigeration was made possible by the compression and evaporation of a volatile substance. |
|
Explain: |
|
Score: 0/10
|