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MODEL TEST - ACADEMIC IELTS
(Time: 90 minutes)

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Section 1

Script:

Man: Easylet. Good morning. How can I help you?

Woman: Hello. I saw your advertisement in the paper and I'm calling to ask about renting a flat.

Man: Certainly. What kind of flat had you in mind?

Woman: Well, er, I don't know exactly ... I mean, it depends on price, to some extent.

Man: OK, now we have properties across the whole range. The average is probably £120 a week.

Woman: Oh, I was hoping for something a little cheaper.

Man: They start at £90. That's the lowest we have usually. And they go up to £200.

Woman: I could manage the lowest figure.

Man: An important question is how long you're thinking of staying in the property. We don't do short lets.

Woman: I'd want a flat for nine months, perhaps longer.

Man: That would be fine. Our contracts are for a standard six months, and that can be extended.

Woman: Fine. I'd need to come in and see you?

Man: Yes, our office is open from 9 am to 5 pm.

Woman: I'd need to come in on Saturday.

Man: OK, then we're here between 10 am and 4 pm. We also open on Sunday mornings, until 1 pm.

Woman: Saturday is fine. If possible. I'd like to see details of some properties first.

Man: We can post you a list. Or you may find it easier to look on the internet.

Woman: Oh, yes, I have the address here, thank you.

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Easylet Accommodation Agency

6 months the internet/ internet 4 90

Cheapest properties: £ per week
Minimum period of contract:
Office open Saturdays until pm
List of properties available on

Section 2

Script:

PRESENTER You’re listening to Expat News, a weekly broadcast for the English-speaking community in this great city. In today’s programme we’ll be hearing from Tom O’Hara, who’s going to tell us about all those different associations you can join. Tom.

TOM Good evening. Yes, in a city with so many of its residents born outside the country, it’s hardly surprising there’s such a huge range of expatriate clubs and societies. And many of these, of course, are aimed at English speakers. So first, and perhaps most obviously, we have the sports clubs, which in some cases field teams in things like rugby and tennis that compete against clubs in other parts of the country, or even abroad. You don’t have to play at this level to have fun, though: they can be just a great way to do some exercise, and of course to get to know other people, especially if you’re new in town. The same can be said of the many hobby and interest clubs that have sprung up here: everything from landscape photography, such as the Viewfinders club in the harbour district, or Focus on the airport road, to old favourites like stamp collecting. Remember that this country has a long tradition of unusual and perhaps even eccentric societies, so there should be something for everyone: a place where you can meet people of different nationalities with the same social and/or cultural interests as you. For those who may be interested in rather more than just friendship, there’s a wide range of lively social clubs. Several singles associations organize dancing of various kinds, while for people in a real hurry there’s speed- dating, in which everyone talks to everyone else for just five minutes. Then, at the end, they decide which of them they would like to meet again by ticking their names on a list. In complete contrast to these are the many religious associations, reflecting the diversity of faith groups present in this multicultural city. Many of them, of course, have their own places of worship. Perhaps also of interest to those who’ve come here from other parts of the world are the international and cultural societies. These often provide a meeting place for people from a specific country, China for instance, and particular ethnic groups, such as Afro-Caribbeans. As in other major cities, we have here local branches of many charities with names familiar around the world. Meetings of human rights organizations like Amnesty International are held regularly in English, as are those of environmental groups such as Greenpeace. All funds raised, by the way, go to the same kinds of good cause as they do in other countries you may have lived in. Inevitably, perhaps, there are also the political clubs, often connected with a particular party and, indeed, a particular country. So we have, for example, a local association of Republicans linked to and campaigning for that party in the US, and Liberal Democrats here doing the same for their party in Britain. Finally, on a lighter note, there’s plenty to choose from in the performing arts. Whether you enjoy taking part or just watching and listening, you can take your pick from a whole range of groups. To take just a couple of examples, there’s light opera at the Memorial Hall in the city centre, or a very lively amateur theatre company in the Park district. In summer they give open-air performances of Shakespeare plays, free of charge.

Answer explanation:

1. stamp collecting: After the prompts 'hobby and interest clubs' comes the first example, 'landscape photography', and then the answer ‘stamp collecting'. Both words are needed.

2. social: After the prompt 'more than just friendship' comes the answer 'social', before the examples 'dancing' and 'speed-dating'.

3. China: You hear the prompt 'international and cultural' and then ‘China’ (followed by 'for instance').

4. charities: The examples, 'human rights organizations like Amnesty' and 'environmental groups such as Greenpeace' both come after the answer ‘charities'.

5. political: The clues come after the answer: 'party', 'campaigning' and the first example 'Republicans'.

6. Liberal Democrats: After the example 'Republicans', the speaker mentions Liberal Democrats 'doing the same for their party'. Both words are needed.

7. light opera: The word 'Finally' tells you that 17 is coming. The speaker mentions 'performing arts'. The answer is the first example. The second example is 'amateur theatre'.

Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

TYPE OF CLUB OR SOCIETY	EXAMPLES
SPORTS	Rugby tennis
HOBBY/INTEREST	landscape photography (1)………
(2) ………	dancing speed-dating
RELIGIOUS
INTERNATIONAL/CULTURAL	(3) ……… Afro-Caribbean
(4) ………	human rights environmental
(5) ………	Republicans (6) ………
PERFORMING ARTS	(7) ……… amateur theatre

social light opera China Liberal Democrats charities stamp collecting political

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

Script:

TOM I should mention at this point that clearly some districts have a higher concentration of English- speaking clubs than others, and that certain parts of town tend to specialize in particular activities. An obvious example would be the number of water sports clubs down near the river. Whatever the number, though, they usually have one thing in common. With the exception of a few associations linked to particular countries and supported by their embassies here, in the vast majority of cases it is the individual members who fund them, so an entry fee, or a subscription, will be charged. You may be used to council-subsidized sports centres and the like in your home country, but I’m afraid that’s not the case here. Assuming you can afford it, then, you can be fairly sure that somewhere out there you’ll find a club that caters for your own particular fascination. If it’s very important to you, and you intend to spend a lot of time on it, it might even determine which district of the city you decide to live in. In the unlikely event that you really can’t find such a club, the solution is to try to persuade friends, and anyone else you meet, of the need for one. You could also use the local small ads on the Internet to suggest the idea: you’ll be amazed at just how many people share even the strangest interest. Then you can start your own.

Choose the correct answer.

1. In this city, clubs and societies are mainly paid for by

individual members

embassies of other countries

the city council

Explain:
individual members: The speaker mentions 'a few associations supported by the embassies' but then states 'in the vast majority of cases it is the individual members who fund them', so this is the correct answer, not 'Council-subsidized sports centres' are in listeners' home countries. .

2. Finding the right club might influence your choice of

city

friends

district

Explain:
district: The prompt is 'find a club'. The speaker says 'it might even determine which district of the city you decide to live in', so “district” is correct, not “city”. The speaker mentions persuading 'friends' of the need for a club, but doesn't mention choosing 'friends'. “friends” is therefore also wrong. .

3. What should you do if the right club does not exist?

join one in another town

set one up yourself

find one on the Internet

Explain:
set one up yourself: The keys words are 'Then you can start your own! Although he says “use the small local ads on the internet; this is "to suggest the idea; not to join an existing club, so choice “find one on the Internet” is wrong. He does not suggest joining one in another town as stated in choice “join one in another town”.

Section 3

Script:

Martina: Oh hi George, how's it going?

George: Hi Martina, it's going well. How about you? How's university life?

Martina: Well it's great - apart from the studying of course.

George: Yeah - me too! What are you studying? I seem to remember that you were going to do Art. That was your best subject, wasn't it?

Martina: No - not really - I just liked the teacher. He was French and had an amazing accent. My favourite subject was History but I couldn't see what career that would give me.

George: Ah, right. So what did you choose?

Martina: Well I found it really difficult to decide. I was really good at Science but I must admit I never really enjoyed studying it. So, in the end I decided to opt for English which was my second favourite subject and I thought it would be more useful to me than studying anything else. So - that's what I'm doing. Um - how are you finding university?

George: Well - it's a bit of a challenge I suppose.

Martina: Are you finding it difficult?

George: Well, some of it. I'm doing Mechanical Engineering which is really interesting but it covers quite a lot of areas like materials science, machine design, physics and of course mechanics - and they're all fine. But it's maths that I'm struggling with. It's a lot harder than it was at school.

Martina: I can believe it. It all sounds very difficult to me. But then I never was very good at mechanical things. I suppose it must involve some practical work?

George: Well - not at the moment. Currently, it's nearly all theory, so it's a bit heavy-going.

Martina: I guess you need to start with that so that you can get a grasp of the concepts and learn a few facts before you start putting it into practice. It must be a lot different to the course that I'm taking.

George: Yes - but in a few weeks we'll be having a lot more practical experience. In fact. I've got a great assignment this term working on jet engines which means I'll be going on a few field trips to a nearby airport.

Martina: Oh - that's great. It sounds like you're going to be very busy.

George: Yes I'm not sure how I'm going to cope with the work. We have a lot of lectures - and that's fine. The lecturers are very knowledgeable and I learn a lot from them. But we also have a lot of seminars and I find with so many people

expressing their views it can get quite frustrating. It would be better if we didn't have so many of those.

Martina: Yes - it's the same for me.

Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

George’s experience of university

George is studying Mechanical Engineering which involves several disciplines. He is finding (1)…………… the most difficult. At the moment, his course is mainly (2)……………. He will soon have an assignment which involves a study of (3)……………. He thinks there are too many (4)…………… and would like less of them.

mathematics/ maths/ math jet engines theory/ theoretical seminars

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Section 4

Script:

Lecturer: Good afternoon, everybody. Today I'll be talking about the issue of waste, which has become an immense problem in today's society. We face huge challenges in terms of reducing its creation in the first place and then in dealing with it when it has been created. Now, the model of nature would be our idea! - a completely cyclical system in which no excess waste is generated that can't be processed by itself. However, we humans have proved, despite our apparent intelligence and ingenuity, quite incapable of achieving this. Where did it all go wrong? We have evidence that in ancient Greece and Rome governments operated municipal waste collection, and a huge Stone Age mound was identified some years ago in Norway as waste disposal, so we can see that people have been generating waste for a very long time indeed. However, during the Dark Ages, sophisticated municipal waste processing disappeared. The medieval answer to waste was to throw it out of the window. But this waste, apart from broken pottery and a few metal objects, was largely organic. This meant, of course, that it was quickly absorbed into the environment by the natural processes of decay. However, many concerned people, such as doctors, claimed that this created health problems, although it wasn't until science produced convincing evidence of the connection between rubbish and disease that governments began to see the importance of dealing with the problem effectively. Unfortunately, their response has remained slower than the generation of waste. It is very hard to deal with waste that won't melt into the environment, as so many of our modern consumer goods won't, and that's why the invention of plastic has caused the worst headache for the environment - it's more than nature can deal with.

Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

disease organic Norway plastic

Where was a Stone Age rubbish dump found?
In Medieval times, what type of waste was most common?
What did science link with waste?
Which invention is the biggest problem for the environment?

Script:

In order to address the root of the problem of waste, we need to think about what has made the quantity of waste accelerate in growth. I'd identify three main reasons. As many countries became industrialised, we saw the advent of mass manufacturing. This has been enormously damaging, as it has greatly increased the amount of things on the planet's surface which don't go away by themselves. Closely related to this is packaging - necessary for transporting things around the world, but then extremely difficult to get rid of properly. And a third aspect to the problem has been disposable goods. We have become accustomed to so many things being to use and then discard that we find it hard to imagine life without them. And yet we spare little thought for where they go when we do discard them.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

disposable goods packaging mass manufacturing

List THREE factors which led to the increase in waste (as mentioned order).
(1)
(2)
(3)

Passage 1

SPORT SCIENCE IN AUSTRALIA

The professional career paths available to graduates from courses relating to human movement and sport science are as diverse as the graduate’s imagination. However, undergraduate courses with this type of content, in Australia as well as in most other Western countries, were originally designed as preparation programmes for Physical Education (PE) teachers.

The initial programmes commenced soon after the conclusion of World War II in the mid-1940s. One of the primary motives for these initiatives was the fact that, during the war effort, so many of the men who were assessed for military duty had been declared unfit. The government saw the solution in the providing of Physical Education programmes in schools, delivered by better prepared and specifically educated PE teachers.

Later, in the 1970s and early 1980s, the surplus of Australians graduating with a PE degree obliged institutions delivering this qualification to identify new employment opportunities for their graduates, resulting in the first appearance of degrees catering for recreation professionals. In many instances, this diversity of programme delivery merely led to degrees, delivered by physical educators, as a sideline activity to the production of PE teachers.

Whilst the need to produce Physical Education teachers remains a significant social need, and most developed societies demand the availability of quality leisure programmes for their citizens, the career options of graduates within this domain are still developing. The two most evident growth domains are in the area of the professional delivery of sport, and the role of a physical lifestyle for community health.

The sports industry is developing at an unprecedented rate of growth. From a business perspective, sport is now seen as an area with the potential for high returns. It is quite significant that the businessman Rupert Murdoch broadened his business base from media to sport, having purchased an American baseball team and an Australian Rugby League competition, as well as seeking opportunities to invest in an English football club. No business person of such international stature would see fit to invest in sport unless he was satisfied that this was a sound business venture with ideal revenue-generating opportunities.

These developments have confirmed sport as a business with professional management structures, marketing processes, and development strategies in place. They have indicated new and developing career paths for graduates of human movement science, sport science, exercise science and related degrees. Graduates can now visualise career paths extending into such diverse domains as sport management, sport marketing, event and facility management, government policy development pertaining to sport, sport journalism, sport psychology, and sport or athletic coaching.

Business leaders will only continue their enthusiasm for sport if they receive returns for their money, such returns win only be forthcoming if astute, enthusiastic and properly educated professionals are delivering the programs that earn appropriate financial returns. The successful universities of the 21st century will be those that have responded to this challenge by delivering such degrees.

A second professional growth area for this group of graduates is associated with community health. The increasing demand for government expenditure within health budgets is reaching the stage where most governments are simply unable to function in a manner that is satisfying their constituents. One of the primary reasons for this problem is the unhelpful emphasis on treatment in medical care programmes. Governments have traditionally given their senior health official the title of ‘Minister for Health’, when in fact this officer has functioned as ‘Minister for Sickness and the Construction of Hospitals’. Government focus simply has to change. If the change is not brought about for philosophical reasons, it will occur naturally, because insufficient funding will be available to address the ever-increasing costs of medical support.

Graduates of human movement, exercise science and sport science have the potential to become major players in this shift in policy focus. It is these graduates who already have the skills, knowledge and understanding to initiate community health education programmes to reduce cardio-vascular disease, to reduce medical dependency upon diabetes, to improve workplace health leading to increased productivity, to initiate and promote programmes of activity for the elderly that reduce medical dependency, and to maintain an active lifestyle for the unemployed and disadvantaged groups in society. This is the graduate that governments will be calling upon to shift the community focus from medical dependency to healthy lifestyles in the decades ahead.

The career paths of these graduates are developing at a pace that is not evident in other professions. The contribution that these graduates can make to society, and the recognition of this contribution is at an unprecedented high, and all indications are that it will continue to grow.

Complete the flow chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

employment opportunities/careers/routes schools PE teachers unfit surplus

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Passage 2

WHALE STRANDINGS

Why do whales leave the ocean and become stuck on beaches?

When the last stranded whale of a group eventually dies, the story does not end there. A team of researchers begins to investigate, collecting skin samples for instance, recording anything that could help them answer the crucial question: why? Theories abound, some more convincing than others. In recent years, navy sonar has been accused of causing certain whales to strand. It is known that noise pollution from offshore industry, shipping and sonar can impair underwater communication, but can it really drive whales onto our beaches?

In 1998, researchers at the Pelagos Cetacean Research Institute, a Greek non-profit scientific group, linked whale strandings with low- frequency sonar tests being carried out by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). They recorded the stranding of 12 Cuvier’s beaked whales over 38.2 kilometres of coastline. NATO later admitted it had been testing new sonar technology in the same area at the time as the strandings had occurred. ‘Mass’ whale strandings involve four or more animals. Typically they all wash ashore together, but in mass atypical strandings (such as the one in Greece), the whales don't strand as a group; they are scattered over a larger area.

For humans, hearing a sudden loud noise might prove frightening, but it does not induce mass fatality. For whales, on the other hand, there is a theory on how sonar can kill. The noise can surprise the animal, causing it to swim too quickly to the surface. The result is decompression sickness, a hazard human divers know all too well. If a diver ascends too quickly from a high-pressure underwater environment to a lower-pressure one, gases dissolved in blood and tissue expand and form bubbles. The bubbles block the flow of blood to vital organs, and can ultimately lead to death.

Plausible as this seems, it is still a theory and based on our more comprehensive knowledge of land-based animals. For this reason, some scientists are wary. Whale expert Karen Evans is one such scientist. Another is Rosemary Gales, a leading expert on whale strandings. She says sonar technology cannot always be blamed for mass strandings. "It’s a case-by-case situation. Whales have been stranding for a very long time - pre-sonar.” And when 80% of all Australian whale strandings occur around Tasmania, Gales and her team must continue in the search for answers.

When animals beach next to each other at the same time, the most common cause has nothing to do with humans at all. "They're highly social creatures,” says Gales. "When they mass strand - it’s complete panic and chaos. If one of the group strands and sounds the alarm, others will try to swim to its aid, and become stuck themselves.”

Activities such as sonar testing can hint at when a stranding may occur, but if conservationists are to reduce the number of strandings, or improve rescue operations, they need information on where strandings are likely to occur as well. With this in mind, Ralph James, physicist at the University of Western Australia in Perth, thinks he may have discovered why whales turn up only on some beaches. In 1986 he went to Augusta, Western Australia, where more than 100 false killer whales had beached. “I found out from chatting to the locals that whales had been stranding there for decades. So I asked myself, what is it about this beach?” From this question that James pondered over 20 years ago, grew the university's Whale Stranding Analysis Project. Data has since revealed that all mass strandings around Australia occur on gently sloping sandy beaches, some with inclines of less than 0.5%. For whale species that depend on an echolocation system to navigate, this kind of beach spells disaster. Usually, as they swim, they make clicking noises, and the resulting sound waves are reflected in an echo and travel back to them. Flowever, these just fade out on shallow beaches, so the whale doesn’t hear an echo and it crashes onto the shore.

But that is not all. Physics, it appears, can help with the when as well as the where. The ocean is full of bubbles. Larger ones rise quickly to the surface and disappear, whilst smaller ones - called microbubbles - can last for days. It is these that absorb whale 'clicks! "Rough weather generates more bubbles than usual,” James adds. So, during and after a storm, echolocating whales are essentially swimming blind.

Last year was a bad one for strandings in Australia. Can we predict if this - or any other year - will be any better? Some scientists believe we can. They have found trends which could be used to forecast ‘bad years’ for strandings in the future. In 2005, a survey by Klaus Vanselow and Klaus Ricklefs of sperm whale strandings in the North Sea even found a correlation between these and the sunspot cycle, and suggested that changes in the Earth’s magnetic field might be involved. But others are sceptical. “Their study was interesting ... but the analyses they used were flawed on a number of levels,” says Evans. In the same year, she co-authored a study on. Australian strandings that uncovered a completely different trend. “We analysed data from 1920 to 2002 ... and observed a clear periodicity in the number of whales stranded each year that coincides with a major climatic cycle.” To put it more simply, she says, in the years when strong westerly and southerly winds bring cool water rich in nutrients closer to the Australia coast, there is an increase in the number of fish. The whales follow.

So what causes mass strandings? “It's probably many different components,” says James. And he is probably right. But the point is we now know what many of those components are.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

skin/ skin samples sperm/ sperm wales/ sperm whale noise/ noise pollution around Tasmania/ Tasmania

What do researchers often take from the bodies of whales?

What do some industries and shipping create that is harmful to whales?

In which geographical region do most whale strandings in Australia happen?

Which kind of whale was the subject of a study in the North Sea?

Label the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

sound waves blood microbubbles nutrients

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Passage 3

LIFE, BUT NOT AS WE KNOW IT

Henry Gee

Astrobiology is arguably the trendiest buzzword in science after genomics. Like genomics, it is as hip as it is hard to define. Broadly speaking, it is an umbrella term for the efforts of many scientists working in diverse fields to understand the conditions of life in the universe, whether on Earth or elsewhere.

The canvas is, in fact, so broad that many scientists might be astrobiologists without knowing it: astrobiology adds glamour to all science, from astronomy to zoology. Those with long memories and a cynical mien will have seen all this before. Once upon a time, there was a research programme called exobiology. Is astrobiology a new name for repackaged goods?

No, for two reasons. First, many discoveries made in the past decade have set people thinking, once again, about life elsewhere. For example, hardly a month goes by without the discovery of yet another planet orbiting a distant star. And whatever the truth about the much-disputed claims for fossils in martian meteorites, the controversy has rehabilitated the idea of panspermia: that life can spread between planets.

Second, astrobiology is almost a trademarked term. The Nasa Astrobiology Institute is a virtual campus linking research centres with universities, all devoted to learning more about the general principles governing the origin of life in the universe. Significantly, Nature magazine recently looked at astrobiology in all its forms, from the quest to understand how life began on Earth to the prospects of finding intelligent life elsewhere in the universe.

Not that this should be a cause for wide-eyed celebration, say its critics. Ironically, the most vociferous of these come not from the world of science but from science fiction. Brian Aldiss, veteran writer, critic, and leading light of the genre, dismisses our current obsession with life elsewhere, however much it is justified by science, as an expensively scratched itch.

Aliens, he argues, are a manifestation of a fundamental human urge to populate the universe with ‘others’, whether gods, ghosts, little green men, or cartoon characters. Scientists should beware of taking science fiction too seriously: aliens are useful as plot devices, but this does not make them real.

A rather different criticism comes from scientists-turned-science fiction writers Jack Cohen and Ian Stewart. Both are academics - Cohen is a biologist, Stewart is a mathematician - but they have worked in SF, most recently on their novel Wheelers. Their argument with astrobiology is not that aliens might not exist, but that we cannot help be constrained in our search.

All organisms on Earth, from the tiniest bacterium to the biggest whales, are constructed according to the same rules. Earthly genetic information is carried in genes made of DNA, earthly life is based on polymers of carbon, and its chemistry happens in liquid water. Because this kind of life is all we know, we tend to think that the same rules need apply everywhere. So, when probes land on Mars, or scientists look at martian meteorites, they tend to look for the kinds of vital signs that betray earthly organisms when we have absolutely no reason for thinking that life elsewhere should be earthlike, or that our definition of life cannot be based more broadly. When the Mars Rover sat and stared at a rock, how do we know that the rock was not staring right back?

It is a fairly simple matter to come up with a definition of life that is based on what it does, rather than what it is made of. It is much more difficult, however, to make such a definition stick, preventing the term from becoming so inclusive as to be meaningless.

You might start by positing three rules. The first is that life requires the existence of information that can be reproduced and inherited, with variation. Second, that living systems seem to create order and structure and maintain it in the face of chaos. Third, that a living system has to work hard to maintain its structure, and as soon as it stops doing this it degenerates.

These rules seem, at first, to be fairly precise, in as much they weed out quietly observant martian surface rocks. But as Cohen and Stewart show in their novel, it is possible to imagine entities that follow all three rules and which appear to be alive, but which bear absolutely no resemblance to terrestrial organisms. In Wheelers, they describe civilizations of floating, methane-breathing balloons in the atmosphere of Jupiter and organisms made of magnetically-confined plasma, living in the outer layers of the sun.

Other science fiction writers have imagined life on the surfaces of neutron stars, inside computers, or even in interstellar space. In his latest novel, Look to Windward, lain M Banks describes organisms the size of continents, supporting entire civilizations as their intestinal parasites. All could be said to constitute life, but in Dr McCoy’s immortal phrase from Star Trek, ‘not as we know it’.

Could this mean that astrobiology, the aims of which are universal, is really no more than a parochial exercise? We might never know - perhaps even when we are visited by aliens from the other side of the galaxy who try, frantically, to gain our attention, by waving under our noses whatever it is they wave under such circumstances. It will not be their fault that they will be microscopic and destroyed by a single sneeze. As Cohen and Stewart conclude in Wheelers'. ‘Life goes on everywhere.’

Complete the summary below. Choose the answers from the box. There are more choices than spaces, so you will not need to use all of them.

location	principles	previous	frequently	galaxy
narrow	discussing	defining	rarely	size
never	composition	planet	extending	breakthrough
definition	mistake	regulations	basing

narrow never mistake composition size defining planet

The same biological and chemical principles determine the make-up of all terrestrial life forms, whatever their . We often assume that this is the case throughout the universe, as we have observed other kinds of organism. Scientists therefore make the of searching for indications of Earth-style living things when examining material from another , where the nature of any life may lie far outside their own definition. On the other hand, if the focus is not on but on behaviour, there is a risk of life much too broadly.

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