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MODEL TEST - ACADEMIC IELTS
(Time: 90 minutes)

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Section 1

Script:

You will hear two students Jacinta and Lewis discussing a holiday they are planning in Queenstown, a tourist center in New Zealand popular with young people.

Jacinta: Hi, Lewis - it's Jacinta here.

Lewis: Oh, hi, Jacinta. I was just going to call you, I was thinking we ought to do something about accommodation for our trip to Queenstown.

Jacinta: Yeah, actually that's just why I rang you, I've been looking on the Internet - there was one place that looked OK called Travellers' Lodge, but when I checked availability for January when we're planning to go I found it was fully booked.

Lewis: Right - well, we’d better do something now I suppose.

Jacinta: I’ve actually got a list up here on the computer there's one place called Bingley's that looks possible. It’s 19.75 dollars a night that's US dollars, they quote all the prices in US dollars.

Lewis: So that's about 26 or 27 New Zealand dollars. That's OK. That'll be in a dormitory, is it?

Jacinta: Yeah they say 8-bed dorms. And the hostel's right in the town centre and they've got a café they have theme nights every weekend whatever that means...

Lewis: Oh, you know, like certain sorts of food and music and people might wear special clothes like that Egyptian evening we went to last year.

Jacinta: Oh, OK What else they've got a sundeck area, and then all the usual things Internet access and so on.

Lewis: Sounds good. Was there anywhere else?

Jacinta: Yeah, a couple more places. There's one called Chalet Lodge which is just 18.00 US dollars that's for a bed in a 12-bed dorm. They do single and family rooms as well. It looks as if it's a bit out of town... says it's got an alpine setting ... a 'quiet' alpine setting. What do you think?

Lewis: Mmm, not sure...

Jacinta: Oh, but actually it’s not far out at all... it says 10 minutes' walk from town, so ... Oh, and it says it’s ’children friendly’.

Lewis: Mmm. I'm not so sure about that. What about the third place?

Jacinta: Aah. That’s called Globetrotters let’s see, they do private rooms or 5-bed dorms for 18.50 - it’s in the centre, just by the lake and that includes breakfast.

Lewis: Didn’t the other two?

Jacinta: I don't think so. They didn't mention it, so probably not. Oh, and it says something about a free skydive... wow!

Lewis: Don’t know if I'm all that keen on lumping out of aeroplanes...

Jacinta: Oh, actually what it says is you can win a chance to do a skydive they give one away every day to one of the guests.

Lewis: Well, if I win it, you can do it. Anyway, do they have room?

Jacinta: Yeah, I checked the availability. Shall I go ahead and book there then?

Lewis: Fine.

Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Budget accommodation in Queenstown, New Zealand

Accommodation	Price (dormitory)	Comments
Travellers’ Lodge		Example fully booked
Bingley’s	US$ (1)............	* in town centre * café with regular (2)............ nights * sundeck
Chalet Lodge	US$ 18.00	* located in a (3)............ alpine setting * 10 mins from town centre * (4)............ are welcome
Globetrotters	US$ 18.50	* in town centre * (5)............ included * chance to win a (6)……….

quiet 19.75 children theme breakfast/breakfast is free skydive/free sky-dive/skydive/sky-dive

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

Section 2

Script:

You will hear a man giving a talk to new members of a Wildlife Club in the South of England.

Hello, I’m delighted to welcome you to our Wildlife Club, and very pleased that you’re interested in the countryside and the plants and creatures of this area. I think you’ll be surprised at the variety we have here, even though we’re not far from London. I’ll start by telling you about some of the parks and open spaces nearby.

One very pleasant place is Halland Common. This has been public land for hundreds of years, and what you’ll find interesting is that the River Ouse, which flows into the sea eighty kilometres away, has its source in the common. There’s an information board about the plants and animals you can see here, and by the way, the common is accessible 24 hours a day.

Then there’s Holt Island, which is noted for its great range of trees. In the past willows were grown here commercially for basket-making, and this ancient craft has recently been reintroduced. The island is only open to the public from Friday to Sunday, because it’s quite small, and if there were people around every day, much of the wildlife would keep away.

From there it’s just a short walk across the bridge to Longfield Country Park. Longfield has a modern replica of a farm from over two thousand years ago. Children’s activities are often arranged there, like bread-making and face-painting. The park is only open during daylight hours, so bear that in mind if you decide to go there.

Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

PARKS AND OPEN SPACES

Name of place	Of particular interest	Open
Halland Common	source of River Ouse	24 hours
Holt Island	many different (1)..........	between Friday and (2)............
Longfield Country Park	reconstruction of a 2,000-year-old (3).......... with activities for children	daylight hours

trees farm Sunday

(1)
(2)
(3)

Script:

Longfield Park has a programme of activities throughout the year, and to give you a sample, this is what’s happening in the next few days. On Monday you can learn about herbs, and how they’ve been used over the centuries. You’ll start with a tour of our herb garden, practise the technique of using them as colour dyes for cloth, and listen to an illustrated talk about their use in cooking and medicine.

Then on Wednesday you can join local experts to discover the variety of insects and birds that appear in the evening. We keep to a small number of people in the group, so if you want to go you’ll need to phone the park ranger a few days ahead. There’s a small charge, which you should pay when you turn up.

I’m sure you’re all keen to help with the practical task of looking after the park, so on Saturday you can join a working party. You’ll have a choice of all sorts of activities, from planting hedges to picking up litter, so you’ll be able to change from one to another when you feel like it. The rangers will be hard at work all day, but do come and join in, even for just a short while. One thing, though, is to make sure you’re wearing something that you don’t mind getting dirty or torn.

Choose a correct answer choice to complete each sentence about the Longfield Park.

1. As part of Monday′s activity, visitors will

meet a well-known herbalist.

prepare food with herbs.

dye cloth with herbs.

Explain:

2. For the activity on Wednesday,

attendance is free.

visitors should book in advance.

only group bookings are accepted.

Explain:

3. For the activity on Saturday, visitors should

tell the rangers before the event what they wish to do.

come in suitable clothing.

make sure they are able to stay for the whole day.

Explain:

Section 3

Script:

You will hear two students, Ramil and Kirsten, discussing presenting a paper at an architecture conference.

Ramil: Hi, Kirsten. Have you heard about that Architecture conference in Oxford at the end of the year?

Kirsten: Yeah. I saw the leaflet on the noticeboard. As it’s my final year, I ought to try giving a paper. But I’ve got no idea how to go about it!

Ramil: I think you should go for it. I did one last year. It’s quite straightforward. First of all, you need to see what the conference themes are - you know, what topics they are covering. You can do that by looking it up on the website. You need to submit a paper that falls into one of the categories they give you.

Kirsten: Oh, that may give me some ideas.

Ramil: Then, while you’re doing that, you should also have a look at the information on how to submit your paper - the 'rules’, if you like, such as the length. It’s important you follow those.

Kirsten: I see. Then I suppose the next stage is to start writing it up. I’d like to use it as an opportunity to propose some future work, but I understand it must be based on current work. Still there’s plenty to choose from. It makes sense to do something that I’m more familiar with.

Ramil: Yes, - and the other thing is, when you’ve written it up, then go back and look at your data

carefully and make certain that you’ve presented it in a format that is standard for your subject. Remember people have to absorb information very quickly while they’re listening - don’t make it too complicated.

Kirsten: OK, well, I reckon that’ll take me about a month to get that sorted. Then, the next thing I have to do, I guess, before I send it off to the conference organiser, is give the whole thing to the Events Officer so that he can look through it and see if it all makes sense and is OK.

Ramil: Yeah. Remember to warn him that it’s en route so he can fit it into his schedule! Then you’re done really. All you have to do after that is to go through it and sort out any changes you need to make. Then finally you can submit it. You can do that online.

Kirsten: Phew! Good. Then I just wait to hear I suppose. How long does that take?

Ramil: Depends - but usually about six weeks. When you hear, if your paper has been accepted, then, at that stage, it’s worth giving them a list of any technical things you’ll need when you actually give the talk - a screen or video players or that sort of thing.

Kirsten: OK - but that’s a long way off. And I know that, if my paper is accepted, then, at that stage, I have to give them a short text about myself and my academic background, so that they can put it in the brochure. Famous, at last!

Ramil: Yeah.

Complete the flow-chart below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

format brochure Events Officer changes / revisions the website / the internet / website / internet the length / length technical current

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

Section 4

Script:

Lecturer: Good afternoon, everybody. Today I'll be talking about the issue of waste, which has become an immense problem in today's society. We face huge challenges in terms of reducing its creation in the first place and then in dealing with it when it has been created. Now, the model of nature would be our idea! - a completely cyclical system in which no excess waste is generated that can't be processed by itself. However, we humans have proved, despite our apparent intelligence and ingenuity, quite incapable of achieving this. Where did it all go wrong? We have evidence that in ancient Greece and Rome governments operated municipal waste collection, and a huge Stone Age mound was identified some years ago in Norway as waste disposal, so we can see that people have been generating waste for a very long time indeed. However, during the Dark Ages, sophisticated municipal waste processing disappeared. The medieval answer to waste was to throw it out of the window. But this waste, apart from broken pottery and a few metal objects, was largely organic. This meant, of course, that it was quickly absorbed into the environment by the natural processes of decay. However, many concerned people, such as doctors, claimed that this created health problems, although it wasn't until science produced convincing evidence of the connection between rubbish and disease that governments began to see the importance of dealing with the problem effectively. Unfortunately, their response has remained slower than the generation of waste. It is very hard to deal with waste that won't melt into the environment, as so many of our modern consumer goods won't, and that's why the invention of plastic has caused the worst headache for the environment - it's more than nature can deal with.

Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

organic disease plastic Norway

Where was a Stone Age rubbish dump found?
In Medieval times, what type of waste was most common?
What did science link with waste?
Which invention is the biggest problem for the environment?

Script:

In order to address the root of the problem of waste, we need to think about what has made the quantity of waste accelerate in growth. I'd identify three main reasons. As many countries became industrialised, we saw the advent of mass manufacturing. This has been enormously damaging, as it has greatly increased the amount of things on the planet's surface which don't go away by themselves. Closely related to this is packaging - necessary for transporting things around the world, but then extremely difficult to get rid of properly. And a third aspect to the problem has been disposable goods. We have become accustomed to so many things being to use and then discard that we find it hard to imagine life without them. And yet we spare little thought for where they go when we do discard them.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

disposable goods mass manufacturing packaging

List THREE factors which led to the increase in waste (as mentioned order).
(1)
(2)
(3)

Passage 1

CAVES

Caves are natural underground spaces, commonly those into which man can enter There are three major types: the most widespread and extensive are those developed in soluble rocks, usually limestone or marble, by underground movement of water; on the coast are those formed in cliffs generally by the concentrated pounding of waves along joints and zones of crushed rock; and a few caves are formed in lava flows, where the solidified outer crust is left after the molten core has drained away to form rough tunnels, like those on the small basalt volcanoes of Auckland.

Limestone of all ages, ranging from geologically recent times to more than 450 million years ago, is found in many parts of New Zealand, although it is not all cavernous. Many caves have been discovered, but hundreds still remain to be explored. The most notable limestone areas for caves are the many hundreds of square kilometres of Te Kuiti Group (Oligocene) rocks from Port Waikato south to Mokau and from the coast inland to the Waipa Valley - especially in the Waitomo district; and the Mount Arthur Marble (upper Ordovician) of the mountains of northwest Nelson (fringed by thin bands of Oligocene limestone in the valleys and near the coast).

Sedimentary rocks (including limestone) are usually laid down in almost horizontal layers or beds which may be of any thickness, but most commonly of 5-7.5 cm. These beds may accumulate to a total thickness of about a hundred metres. Pure limestone is brittle, and folding due to earth movements causes cracks along the partings, and joints at angles to them. Rain water percolates down through the soil and the fractures in the underlying rocks to the water table, below which all cavities and pores are filled with water. This water, which is usually acidic, dissolves the limestone along the joints and, once a passage is opened, it is enlarged by the abrasive action of sand and pebbles carried by streams. Extensive solution takes place between the seasonal limits of the water table. Erosion may continue to cut down into the floor, or silt and pebbles may build up floors and divert stream courses. Most caves still carry the stream that formed them.

Caves in the softer, well-bedded Oligocene limestones are typically horizontal in development, often with passages on several levels, and frequently of considerable length. Gardner's Gut, Waitomo, has two main levels and more than seven kilometres of passages. Plans of caves show prominent features, such as long, narrow, straight passages following joint patterns as in Ruakuri, Waitomo, or a number of parallel straights oriented in one or more directions like Te Anaroa, Rockville. Vertical cross sections of cave passages may be tall and narrow following joints, as in Burr Cave, Waitomo; large and ragged in collapse chambers, like Hollow Hill, Waitomo (233m long, 59.4m wide, and 30.48m high); low and wide along bedding planes, as in Luckie Strike, Waitomo; or high vertical water-worn shafts, like Rangitaawa Shaft (91m). Waitomo Caves in the harder, massive Mount Arthur Marble (a metamorphosed limestone) are mainly vertical in development, many reaching several hundred metres, the deepest known being Harwood Hole, Takaka (370m).

The unique beauty of caves lies in the variety of mineral encrustations which are found sometimes completely covering walls, ceiling, and floor. Stalactites (Gk. stalaktos, dripping) are pendent growths of crystalline calcium carbonate (calcite) formed from solution by the deposition of minute quantities of calcite from percolating ground water. They are usually white to yellow in colour, but occasionally are brown or red. Where water evaporates faster than it drips, long thin straws are formed which may reach the floor or thicken into columns. If the source of water moves across the ceiling, a thin drape, very like a stage curtain, is formed.

Helictites are stalactites that branch or curl. Stalagmites (Gk. stalagmos, that which dripped) are conical or gnarled floor growths formed by splashing, if the water drips faster than it evaporates. These may grow toward the ceiling to form columns of massive proportions. Where calcite is deposited by water spreading thinly over the walls or floor, flowstone is formed and pools of water may build up their edges to form narrow walls of rimstone. Gypsum (calcium sulphate) is a white cave deposit of many crystal habits which are probably dependent on humidity. The most beautiful form is the gypsum flower which extrudes from a point on the cave wall in curling and diverging bundles of fibres like a lily or orchid.

Complete the summary. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

There are several (1)……… of caves with the most common and largest being located in limestone or marble. Coastal caves are created in cliffs usually by waves. In lava flows, the solidified outer crusts that remain once the molten core has drained away also form (2)………. Limestone is to be found all over New Zealand, but not all of it contains caves. While many caves are known, there are large numbers that have yet to be uncovered. The main (3)………… for limestone caves are Te Kuiti Group rocks.

types tunnels areas

(1)
(2)
(3)

Complete the flow-chart. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

passage erosion cracks streams fractures

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Passage 2

History of Fire Fighting and Prevention

More than two thousand years ago, Roman emperor Augustus organized a group of watchmen whose job was mainly to look out for fires and sound an alarm in the event of one. For many centuries that followed, fire equipment was limited to buckets of water that got passed from person to person. The ax was later found to be a useful tool both for removing fuel in large fires and for opening holes to allow smoke and flames to escape from burning buildings. Watchmen also learned to create firebreaks with long hooked poles and ropes in order to pull down structures that provided fuel for a fire. In 1066, in order to reduce the risk of fire in thatched-roof houses, King William the Conqueror made a ruling: Citizens had to extinguish their cooking fires at night. His term couvre-feu, meaning “cover fire,” is the origin of the modern day term curfew, which no longer carries a literal translation.

The event that had the largest influence in the history of fire fighting was the Great Fire of London in 1666. The devastating blaze originated at the King’s Bakery near the London Bridge. At the onset, Lord Mayor Bludworth showed little concern for the fire, assuming it would extinguish itself before he could organize a group of men to attend to it. However, the summer of 1666 had been uncharacteristically hot and dry, and the wooden houses nearby caught fire quickly. Within a short time, the wind had carried the fire across the city, burning down over 300 houses in its path. Although the procedure of pulling down buildings to prevent a fire from spreading was standard in Britain, the mayor grew concerned over the cost it would involve to rebuild the city and ordered that the surrounding structures be left intact. By the time the king ordered the destruction of buildings in the fire’s path, the fire was too large to control. It was not until the Duke of York ordered the Paper House to be destroyed in order to create a crucial firebreak that the London fire finally began to lose its fuel.

When it became clear that four-fifths of the city had been destroyed by the fire, drastic measures were taken in London to create a system of organized fire prevention. At the hands of architects such as Christopher Wren, most of London was rebuilt using stone and brick, materials that were far less flammable than wood and straw. Because of the long history of fires in London, those who could afford to build new homes and businesses began to seek insurance for their properties. As insurance became a profitable business, companies soon realized the monetary benefits of hiring men to extinguish fires. In the early years of insurance companies, all insured properties were marked with an insurance company’s name or logo. If a fire broke out and a building did not contain the insurancemark, the fire brigades were called away and the building was left to burn.

The British insurance companies were largely responsible for employing people to develop new technology for extinguishing fires. The first fire engines were simple tubs on wheels that were pulled to the location of the fire, with water being supplied by a bucket brigade. Eventually, a hand pump was designed to push the water out of the tub into a hose with a nozzle. The pump allowed for a steady stream of water to shoot through a hose directly at the fire source. Before long, companies began to utilize water pipes made from hollowed tree trunks that were built under the roadway. By digging down into the road, firemen could insert a hole into the tree-trunk pipe and access the water to feed into the pump.

Fire fighting became a competitive business, as companies fought to be the first to arrive at a scene to access the water pipes. After a series of fires destroyed parts of London, fire-fighting companies were forced to reconsider their intentions. By the eighteenth century, fire brigades began to join forces, and in 1833 the Sun Insurance Company along with ten other London companies created the London Fire Engine Establishment. In 1865, the government became involved, bringing standards to both fire prevention and fire fighting and establishing London’s Metropolitan Fire Brigade. Though the firemen were well paid, they were constantly on duty and thus obliged to call their fire station home for both themselves and their families.

New technology for fighting fires continued to develop in both Europe and the New World. Leather hoses with couplings that joined the lengths together were hand-sewn in the Netherlands and used until the latel800s, when rubber hoses became available. The technology for steam engine fire trucks was available in Britain and America in 1829, but most brigades were hesitant to use them until the 1850s. It was the public that eventually forced the brigades into putting the more efficient equipment to use. In the early 1900s, when the internal-combustion engine was developed, the trucks became motorized. This was a timely advancement in fire-fighting history, as World War I put added pressure on brigades throughout the world.

Complete the chart below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.

Cause	Effect
Men used poles and ropes to pull down buildings near a fire.	The fire did not have (1)………..
Thatched-roof houses burn down easily	The King ordered people to (2)………. their fires nightly.
At the time of the Great Fire of London, the weather was (3)…………	The fire spread quickly.
The Mayor of London thought it would be too expensive to (4)…….	He told people not to pull down buildings in the fire’s path.
The Great Fire destroyed most of London.	People built new buildings out of (5)…….
There had been many (6)……… in London over time.	People started to buy insurance to protect their homes.
Insurance companies did not want to pay for rebuilding clients’ houses destroyed by fire.	Insurance companies hired men to (7)………..

hot and dry fires rebuild the city stone and brick fuel put out extinguish fires

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

Passage 3

THE BIRTH OF SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH

World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals.

The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).

England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language - John Wallis and John Wilkins - helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.

Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light - Opticks - in English.

There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.

A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author'. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period - it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed ox with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.

A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities.

Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.

In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.

The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. If is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.

Complete the summary. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained (1)………. It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and (2)……….

In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the (3)............ nor the grammatical resources to express their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the (4)………… set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then overtaken by (5) ……………,it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the (6)……………

Royal Society doctors technical vocabulary industrial revolution Latin German

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

Complete the table. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Science written in the first half of the 17th century
Language used	Latin	English
Type of science	Original	(1)………
Examples	(2)………	Encyclopaedias
Target audience	International scholars	(3)………, but socially wider

Principia / the Principia / Newton's Principia / mathematical treatise popular local / more local / local audience

(1)
(2)
(3)

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?

YES if the statement agrees with the writers claims

NO if the statement contradicts the writer's claims

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1. There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.

Not given

True

False

Explain:

2. The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of magnetism.

False

Not given

True

Explain:

3. In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas.

True

False

Not given

Explain:

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