Online IELTS - IELTS trực tuyến, IELTS, TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS online, online IELTS, luyện thi IELTS, IELTS test, test IELTS, TOEIC online, luyện thi TOEIC, học tiếng Anh online, tiếng Anh sách giáo khoa

MODEL TEST - ACADEMIC IELTS
(Time: 90 minutes)

Thời gian còn lại

Section 1

Script:

WOMAN: Good morning. How can I help you?

MAN: Hello. I’m interested in renting a house somewhere in the town.

WOMAN: Right. Could I have your name please?

MAN: Yes, it’s Steven Godfrey.

WOMAN: And tell me how many bedrooms you’re looking for.

MAN: Well, we’d need four, because I’m going to share the house with three friends.

WOMAN: Okay, there are several of that size on our books. They mostly belong to families who are working abroad at the moment. What about the location?

MAN: It’d be nice to be central.

WOMAN: That might be difficult, as most houses of that size are in the suburbs. Still, there are a few. What’s your upper limit for the rent?

MAN: We’d like something around £500 a month, but we could go up to £600 if we have to. But we can’t go beyond that.

WOMAN: Do you know how long you want to rent the house for? The minimum let is six months, as you probably realise.

MAN: We’re at college here for two years, and we don’t want to have to move during that time if we can avoid it.

WOMAN: Right. And how soon do you want to move in? All our let’s start on the first of the month.

MAN: Well, as soon as possible, really, so that means September 1st.

WOMAN: Okay, let me have a look at what we’ve got.... We have photographs of all the houses on our books, so you can get an idea of what they’re like. There’s this one in Oakington Avenue, at £550 a month. Combined living room and dining room, with a separate kitchen. It doesn’t have a garage, though you can park in the road.

MAN: Ah, we’d prefer to have one, if possible.

WOMAN: Right. Then have a look at this house, in Mead Street. It’s got a very large living room and kitchen, bathroom, cloakroom ...

MAN: How much is it?

WOMAN: That one’s 580. It’s very well furnished and equipped. It also has plenty of space for parking, and it’s available for a minimum of a year. Oh, and there’s a big garden.

MAN: I don’t think we could cope with that, to be honest. We’ll be too busy to look after it.

WOMAN: Okay. Then there’s this older house in Hamilton Road: living room, kitchen-diner, and it has a study. 550 a month.

MAN: That looks rather nice. But whereabouts in Hamilton Road?

WOMAN: Towards the western end.

MAN: Oh, that’ll be very noisy. I know the area.

WOMAN: Yes, it’s pretty lively. Some people like it, though. Well, what about this house in Devon Close?

MAN: That looks lovely.

WOMAN: There’s a big demand for houses in that area, so prices tend to be quite high. But this one hasn’t been decorated for a few years, which has kept the rent down a bit. It’s got a living room, dining room and small kitchen, and it’s 595 a month. I think it would suit you, from what you’ve said.

MAN: It sounds fine.

Complete the form and table below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Rented Properties Customer's Requirements
Name:	Steven Godfrey
No. of bedrooms:	4
Preferred location:	in the (1)……… area of town
Maximum monthly rent:	£(2)………
Length of let required:	(3)………
Starting:	September 1st

Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Address	Rooms	Monthly rent	Problem
Oakington Avenue	living/dining room, separate kitchen	£550	no (4)………
Mead Street	large living room and kitchen, bathroom and a cloakroom	£580	the (5)……… is too large
Hamilton Road	living room, kitchen- diner, and a (6)…………	£550	too (7)………
Devon Close	living room, dining room, small kitchen	£ (8)……	none

2 year/ 2 years noisy garden 595 garage central study 600

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

Script:

MAN: Why’s that part of town so popular?

WOMAN: Well, there’s a big scheme to improve the district, and it’ll soon have the best facilities for miles around.

MAN: What sort of thing?

WOMAN: There’s a big sports centre under construction, which will be very impressive when it’s finished. In fact the swimming pools already opened, ahead of schedule, and it’s attracting a lot of people.

MAN: What about cinemas: are there any in the area?

WOMAN: The only one closed down last year, and it’s now in the process of being converted into a film museum. The local people are trying to get a new cinema added to the scheme.

MAN: I think I heard something about a plan to replace the existing concert hall with a larger one.

WOMAN: Ah, that’s due to start next year.

MAN: Well it sounds an interesting area to live in. Could I go and see the house, please?

WOMAN: Yes, of course.

1. Which TWO facilities in the district of Devon Close are open to the public at the moment?

museum

swimming pool

sports centre

concert hall

cinema

Explain:

Section 2

Script:

Hello, and thank you for asking me to your teachers’ meeting to talk about the Dinosaur Museum and to tell you a bit about what you can do with your students there.

Well, let me give you some of the basic information first. In regard to opening hours, we’re open every day of the week from 9.00 am to 8.00 pm except on Mondays when we close at 1.30 pm. And, in fact the only day in the year when we’re closed is on the 25th of December. You can book a guided tour for your school group any time that we’re open.

If you bring a school group to the museum, when you arrive we ask you to remain with your group in the car park. One or more of the tour guides will welcome you there and brief you about what the tour will be about. We do this there because our entrance is quite small and we really haven’t got much room for briefing groups in the exhibition area.

As far as the amount of time you’ll need goes, if you bring a school group you should plan on allowing a minimum of 90 minutes for the visit. This allows 15 minutes to get on and off the coach, 45 minutes for the guided tour and 30 minutes for after-tour activities. If you’re going to have lunch at the museum you will, of course, have to allow more time.

There are two cafés in the museum, with seating for 80 people. If you want to eat there you’ll need to reserve some seating, as they can get quite crowded at lunch time. Then outside the museum at the back there are tables, and students can bring their own lunch and eat it there in the open air.

Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

The Dinosaur Museum

The museum closes at (1)………… p.m. on Mondays.

The museum is not open on (2)…………

School groups are met by tour guides in the (3)…………

The whole visit takes 90 minutes, including (4)………… minutes for the guided tour.

There are (5)………… behind the museum where students can have lunch.

1.30 25 December/ Christmas Day 45 tables/ some tables car-park/ parking lot

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Section 3

Script:

You will hear two students Sharon and Xiao Li talking to their tutor about the presentation they gave the previous week.

Tutor: So. Sharon and Xiao Li, in your presentation last week you were talking about the digital divide - the gap between those who can effectively use communication tools such as the Internet, and those who can't. And you compared the situation here in Northern Ireland with South-East China. Right, so I asked you to do some sell evaluation, watching the video of your presentation and thinking about the three main criteria you're assessed by - content, structure and technique. What do you think was the strongest feature of the presentation, when you watched it? Sharon?

Sharon: Well. I was surprised actually, because I felt quite nervous but, when I watched the video, it didn't show as much as I expected.

Tutor: So which of the criteria would that come under?

Sharon: Er, confidence?

Tutor: That’s not actually one of the criteria as such Xiao Li?

Xiao Li: Technique? It's body language and eye contact, isn't it. Well, I didn't think I looked all that confident, but I think, that our technique was generally good like the way we designed and used the Powerpoint slides.

Tutor: Mmm. So you both feel happiest about that side of the presentation? OK, now on the negative side, what would you change if you could do it again?

Xiao Li: Well, at first I'd thought that the introduction was going to be the problem but actually I think that was OK. We defined our terms and identified key issues It was more towards the end... the conclusion wasn't too bad but the problem was the questions, we hadn’t really expected there'd be any so we hadn't thought about them that much.

Tutor: Uhuh OK. Anything else?

Sharon: Well, like Xiao Li says, I thought the conclusion was OK, but when I watched us on the video I thought the section on solutions seemed rather weak.

Tutor: Mmm. Can you think why?

Sharon: Well, we explained what people are doing about the digital divide in China and Northern Ireland but I suppose we didn't really evaluate any of the projects or ideas, it was just a list. And that was what people were asking us about at the end, mostly.

Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

the solutions/their solutions questions/the questions/students' questions/answering the questions/answering students' questions the technique/their technique

What do Sharon and Xiao Li agree was the strongest aspect of their presentation?

Which part of their presentation was Xiao Li least happy with?

Which section does Sharon feel they should have discussed in more depth?

Script:

Tutor: OK. Now, I also asked you to get some peer evaluation, from the other students.

Sharon: Yes, er, well, people said it was interesting, like the fact that in China the Internet was used more for shopping than in Northern Ireland. They said sometimes it was a bit hard to understand because we were talking quite fast... but we didn't think so when we watched the video.

Tutor: No, it’s a bit different though, because you know all this information already. Mmm. If you're hearing it for the first time, you need more time to process it ... that's why signposting the structure and organisation of the talk is important.

Xiao Li: That seemed OK, no one mentioned that as a problem. Some people said that we could have had more on the slides… like some of the other groups had nearly everything they said written up on the visuals as well, but other people said the slides were good, they had just the key point...

Tutor: Yes.

Sharon: And most people said we had quite good eye contact and body language. They all pointed out we'd over run... they all said we were five minutes over but we timed it afterwards on the video and it was only three minutes.

Xiao Li: We were a bit unsure about the background reading at first, but I think we did as much as we could in the time... anyway, no one commented on that under content, but one thing that did come out was that they liked the fact we'd done research on both Northern Ireland and China most other people had just based their research on one country. We managed to get quite a lot of data from the Internet, although we had to do our own analysis and we did our own surveys as well in both countries. So the class gave us best feedback for content but it was all OK.

Tutor: Right. Well, that's quite similar to the feedback I'm giving you I was very impressed by the amount of work you'd done and by your research methodology... so, actually, I’m giving you full marks for content, five. The structure of the presentation was good, but not quite as good as the content, so. I gave that four, and the same for technique. So, well done.

Xiao Li/Sharon: Thank you.

Tutor: Now, the next stage is to write up your report. So, just a few pointers for you here. First of all, in your presentation think your ending was rather abrupt - you suddenly just stopped talking. It wasn't a big problem but think about your dosing sentences in your report - you want to round it off well. One thing I forgot to mention earlier was that I felt a very strong point was that after you'd given your results, you explained then limitations.

Xiao Li: The fact that we didn't have a very reliable sample in terms of age in China?

Tutor: Yes, that section. So don't forget to include that. And you had some excellent charts and diagrams, but maybe you could flesh out the literature review a bit. I can give you some ideas for that later on if you want. OK, is there anything else you want to ask?

Xiao Li/Sharon: No... Thank you. / Thanks.

Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

end/ending limitations literature

The tutor says that the of the presentation seemed rather sudden.

The tutor praises the students′ discussion of the of their results.

The tutor suggests that they could extend the review in their report.

Section 4

Script:

LECTURER Good afternoon. Today we’re continuing this series of talks on the development of the Australian Outback with a look at Coober Pedy, the desert town of opal mines and underground living which lies 860 kilometres north of Adelaide and 690 south of Alice Springs. The inaccessibility, harsh climate and almost total lack of water made it a highly unlikely place for human habitation, but that all started to change in 1915 with the discovery there of opals, the precious stones which seem to change colour according to their surroundings. Settlements were established following the First World War, when soldiers returning from the trenches of France brought with them the techniques of living below ground in ‘dugouts’. The Depression of the 1920s and 30s led to many prospectors leaving, but the town boomed again in the late 1940s when shallow new opal fields were discovered, and immigrants from Europe arrived in large numbers after the Second World War. It must be remembered, though, just how hostile conditions were. Daytime summer temperatures reached well over 50 degrees Centigrade, winter nights were bitterly cold, and dense dust storms regularly blanketed the town. To cope with this, more and more people began living in disused mines and purpose-built subterranean houses, where the temperature remains at a comfortable 25 degrees all year round, so that eventually around 70% of the town’s inhabitants had made their homes beneath the surface. This led to the construction of hotels and even churches below ground, as well as an entire underground shopping centre: the only one in the world.

Answer explanation:

1. 690: The prompt 'which lies 860 kilometres north of Adelaide' is followed by the answer'690 south of Alice Springs'.

2. 1915: The answer, in 'that all started to change in 1915', comes before the prompt 'with the discovery there of opals.'

3. First World War: The prompt 'settlements were established' comes just before the answer 'following the First World War'. All three words are needed, as 'War' or 'World War' could equally apply to the 'Second World War'.

4. Europe: First comes the prompt 'in the late 1940s when shallow new opal fields were discovered', then 'immigrants from Europe arrived in large numbers'.

5. 70% / seventy per cent: The speaker mentions 'hostile conditions' and gives examples. The recording says that 'to cope with this' 'eventually around 70% of the town's inhabitants had made their homes beneath the surface'.

6. shopping centre: The prompt is 'hotels and even churches below ground', before 'an entire underground shopping centre', reinforced by 'the only one in the world'.

Complete the summary below by writing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS in the spaces provided.

The Australian mining town of Coober Pedy is about (1)…………. kilometres south of Alice Springs. Opals were first found in the area in (2)………… and people began to settle there after the (3)………… . In the late 1940s, new opal fields and mass immigration from (4)………… created a boom, despite the extreme climate which forced about (5)…………. of the population to live underground, where they built hotels, churches, and the world’s only underground (6)………..

690 70%/ seventy percent shopping centre / shopping center Europe First World War / World War 1 1915

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

Passage 1

SPORT SCIENCE IN AUSTRALIA

The professional career paths available to graduates from courses relating to human movement and sport science are as diverse as the graduate’s imagination. However, undergraduate courses with this type of content, in Australia as well as in most other Western countries, were originally designed as preparation programmes for Physical Education (PE) teachers.

The initial programmes commenced soon after the conclusion of World War II in the mid-1940s. One of the primary motives for these initiatives was the fact that, during the war effort, so many of the men who were assessed for military duty had been declared unfit. The government saw the solution in the providing of Physical Education programmes in schools, delivered by better prepared and specifically educated PE teachers.

Later, in the 1970s and early 1980s, the surplus of Australians graduating with a PE degree obliged institutions delivering this qualification to identify new employment opportunities for their graduates, resulting in the first appearance of degrees catering for recreation professionals. In many instances, this diversity of programme delivery merely led to degrees, delivered by physical educators, as a sideline activity to the production of PE teachers.

Whilst the need to produce Physical Education teachers remains a significant social need, and most developed societies demand the availability of quality leisure programmes for their citizens, the career options of graduates within this domain are still developing. The two most evident growth domains are in the area of the professional delivery of sport, and the role of a physical lifestyle for community health.

The sports industry is developing at an unprecedented rate of growth. From a business perspective, sport is now seen as an area with the potential for high returns. It is quite significant that the businessman Rupert Murdoch broadened his business base from media to sport, having purchased an American baseball team and an Australian Rugby League competition, as well as seeking opportunities to invest in an English football club. No business person of such international stature would see fit to invest in sport unless he was satisfied that this was a sound business venture with ideal revenue-generating opportunities.

These developments have confirmed sport as a business with professional management structures, marketing processes, and development strategies in place. They have indicated new and developing career paths for graduates of human movement science, sport science, exercise science and related degrees. Graduates can now visualise career paths extending into such diverse domains as sport management, sport marketing, event and facility management, government policy development pertaining to sport, sport journalism, sport psychology, and sport or athletic coaching.

Business leaders will only continue their enthusiasm for sport if they receive returns for their money, such returns win only be forthcoming if astute, enthusiastic and properly educated professionals are delivering the programs that earn appropriate financial returns. The successful universities of the 21st century will be those that have responded to this challenge by delivering such degrees.

A second professional growth area for this group of graduates is associated with community health. The increasing demand for government expenditure within health budgets is reaching the stage where most governments are simply unable to function in a manner that is satisfying their constituents. One of the primary reasons for this problem is the unhelpful emphasis on treatment in medical care programmes. Governments have traditionally given their senior health official the title of ‘Minister for Health’, when in fact this officer has functioned as ‘Minister for Sickness and the Construction of Hospitals’. Government focus simply has to change. If the change is not brought about for philosophical reasons, it will occur naturally, because insufficient funding will be available to address the ever-increasing costs of medical support.

Graduates of human movement, exercise science and sport science have the potential to become major players in this shift in policy focus. It is these graduates who already have the skills, knowledge and understanding to initiate community health education programmes to reduce cardio-vascular disease, to reduce medical dependency upon diabetes, to improve workplace health leading to increased productivity, to initiate and promote programmes of activity for the elderly that reduce medical dependency, and to maintain an active lifestyle for the unemployed and disadvantaged groups in society. This is the graduate that governments will be calling upon to shift the community focus from medical dependency to healthy lifestyles in the decades ahead.

The career paths of these graduates are developing at a pace that is not evident in other professions. The contribution that these graduates can make to society, and the recognition of this contribution is at an unprecedented high, and all indications are that it will continue to grow.

Complete the flow chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

surplus employment opportunities/careers/routes PE teachers schools unfit

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Passage 2

GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK

Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientist. The result of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.

In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems - the major medical complaints in this age group - are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.

'It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing,' says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.

Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.

On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. 'These may be subtle influences,' says Manton, 'but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It's not surprising we see some effect.'

One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.

The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today's population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government's Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America's population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.

The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation's research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.

Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.

As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.

But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.

'Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,' says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. 'The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,' she says.

Complete the summary using the list of words below.

cost	falling	technology	undernourished
earlier	later	disabled	more
increasing	nutrition	education	constant
medicine	pollution	environmental	health
independent

education disabled increasing pollution medicine falling nutrition later cost

Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is and that the speed of this change is . It also seems that these diseases are affecting people in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in , but other factors such as improved may also be playing a part. Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to . The research establishes a link between levels of and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are , which means that the involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.

Passage 3

THE BIRTH OF SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH

World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals.

The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).

England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language - John Wallis and John Wilkins - helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.

Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light - Opticks - in English.

There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.

A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author'. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period - it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed ox with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.

A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities.

Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.

In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.

The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. If is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.

Complete the summary. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained (1)………. It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and (2)……….

In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the (3)............ nor the grammatical resources to express their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the (4)………… set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then overtaken by (5) ……………,it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the (6)……………

doctors Royal Society industrial revolution Latin German technical vocabulary

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

Complete the table. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Science written in the first half of the 17th century
Language used	Latin	English
Type of science	Original	(1)………
Examples	(2)………	Encyclopaedias
Target audience	International scholars	(3)………, but socially wider

local / more local / local audience popular Principia / the Principia / Newton's Principia / mathematical treatise

(1)
(2)
(3)

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?

YES if the statement agrees with the writers claims

NO if the statement contradicts the writer's claims

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1. There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.

False

Not given

True

Explain:

2. The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of magnetism.

Not given

False

True

Explain:

3. In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas.

Not given

True

False

Explain:

Score: 0/10

SCORE AGAIN NEXT

No.

Date

Right Score

Total Score

elearn site

PARTNERS

NEWS