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 MIGRATION
 
          A widely held theory today is that the ancestors of today’s Native American peoples traveled to the Western Hemisphere from Asia between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago, which was around the same time that Japan was being settled by Stone Age inhabitants. There is dental evidence and blood-type evidence to support this theory. A dental pattern that is found among most ancient human fossils in the Americas is consistent with the dental pattern of ancient human fossils in northeastern Asia. In blood type, the fact that blood type B is almost nonexistent among Native American populations but exists in Asian populations leads to the conclusion that migrations to the Americas from Asia took place before the evolution of blood type B, which is believed to have occurred around 30,000 years ago. In addition to the dental and blood-type evidence, more general evolutionary evidence suggests that it took more than 20,000 years for the variety of physical traits common to Native American populations to evolve, and linguists broadly concur that the development of the approximately 500 distinct languages of the Native Americans would require approximately 25,000 years.
 
           The proposed migration from Asia to the Americas took place during the Ice Age that characterized the Pleistocene epoch. During that period of time, there were huge glaciers holding enormous volumes of water, and, because of the huge glaciers, sea levels were as much as 10C meters lower than they are today. The reduced sea levels meant that Asia and North America were linked with a 750-mile-wide landmass, named Beringia after the Bering Straits that now cover it, and consisted of treeless grassland with warm summers and cold dry winters. Because of the geographical features of Beringia during the Pleistocene epoch, it was an environment well-suited to the large mammals of the time, such as mammoth, mastodon, bison, horse, and reindeer as well as to the Stone Age hunters who depended on these animals for their existence. The Stone Age inhabitants of the area used these animals not only for food but also for shelter, clothing, and weapons; they were able to spread out and expand their hunting areas as their populations grew, and their populations most Hkely grew at a very high rate because of the huge amount of territory available for expansion.
 
           (1) In spite of the evidence, not all anthropologists are convinced that the migrations from Asia to the Americas took place as early as 25,000 to 30,000 years ago. (2) There is general agreement that the migrations took place, but some believe that the migrations took place much later. (3) No fossilized human bones have been found in what used to be Beringia; finding human bones dating from 25,000 to 30,000 years ago would be strong proof of the dates when the migrations took place. However, because what was once Beringia is submerged beneath ocean waters, it may be a formidable task to uncover fossil evidence of migration from Asia to the Americas through Beringia. (4)

1. It is stated in the passage that Beringia ................
A. was unable to support animal life
B. is now submerged
C. was the source of the name Bering Straits
D. used to be covered with trees
Explain:

2. The author begins paragraph 3 with the expression “In spite of” to show that the fact that some anthropologists were not convinced by the evidence was ................
A. logical
B. unexpected
C. unsurprising
D. a natural conclusion
Explain:
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